History of Rockets and Space Travel Innovations

The evolution of the rocket has made it an indispensable tool in the exploration of space. For centuries, rockets have provided ceremonial and warfare uses starting with the ancient Chinese, the first to create rockets. The rocket apparently made its debut on the pages of history as a fire arrow used by the Chin Tartars in 1232 AD for fighting off a Mongol assault on Kai-feng-fu. The lineage to the immensely larger rockets now used as space launch vehicles is unmistakable. But for centuries rockets were in the main rather small, and their use was confined principally to weaponry, the projection of lifelines in sea rescue, signaling, and fireworks displays. Not until the 20th century did a clear understanding of the principles of rockets emerge, and only then did the technology of large rockets begin to evolve. Thus, as far as spaceflight and space science are concerned, the story of rockets up to the beginning of the 20th century was largely a prologue. Early Experiments All through the 13th to the 18th ​Century, there were reports of many rocket experiments. For example, Joanes de Fontana of Italy designed a surface-running rocket-powered torpedo for setting enemy ships on fire. In 1650, a Polish artillery expert, Kazimierz Siemienowicz, published a series of drawings for a staged rocket. In 1696, Robert Anderson, an Englishman, published a two-part treatise on how to make rocket molds, prepare the propellants, and perform the calculations. Sir William Congreve During the early introduction of rockets to Europe, they were used only as weapons. Enemy troops in India repulsed the British with rockets. Later in Britain, Sir William Congreve developed a rocket that could fire to about 9,000 feet. The British fired Congreve rockets against the United States in the War of 1812. Francis Scott Key coined the phrase the rockets red glare after the British fired Congreve rockets against the United States. William Congreves incendiary rocket used black powder, an iron case, and a 16-foot guide stick. Congreve had used a 16-foot guide stick to help stabilize his rocket. William Hale, another British inventor, invented the stickless rocket in 1846. The U.S. army used the Hale rocket more than 100 years ago in the war with Mexico. Rockets were also used to a limited extent in the Civil War. During the 19th century, rocket enthusiasts and inventors began to appear in almost every country. Some people thought these early rocket pioneers were geniuses, and others thought they were crazy. Claude Ruggieri, an Italian living in Paris, apparently rocketed small animals into space as early as 1806. The payloads were recovered by parachute. As far back as 1821, sailors hunted whales using rocket-propelled harpoons. These rocket harpoons were launched from a shoulder-held tube equipped with a circular blast shield. Reaching for the Stars By the end of the 19th century, soldiers, sailors, practical and not so practical inventors had developed a stake in rocketry. Skillful theorists, like Konstantian Tsiolkovsky in Russia, were examining the fundamental scientific theories behind rocketry. They were beginning to consider the possibility of space travel. Four persons were particularly significant in the transition from the small rockets of the 19th century to the colossi of the space age: Konstantin Tsiolkovsky in Russia, Robert Goddard in the United States, and Hermann Oberth and Wernher von Braun in Germany. Rocket Staging and Technology Early rockets had a single engine, on which it rose until it ran out of fuel. A better way to achieve great speed, however, is to place a small rocket on top of a big one and fire it after the first has burned out. The US army, which after the war used captured V-2s for experimental flights into the high atmosphere, replaced the payload with another rocket, in this case, a WAC Corporal, which was launched from the top of the orbit. Now the burned-out V-2, weighing 3 tons, could be dropped and using the smaller rocket, the payload reached a much higher altitude. Today of course almost every space rocket uses several stages, dropping each empty burned-out stage and continuing with a smaller and lighter booster. Explorer 1, the first artificial satellite of the US which was launched in January 1958, used a 4-stage rocket. Even the space shuttle uses two large solid-fuel boosters which are dropped after they burn out. Chinese Fireworks Developed in the second century BCE, by the ancient Chinese,  fireworks  are the oldest form of rockets and the most simplistic model of a rocket. Preluding the liquid-fueled rocket,  solid propellant  rockets began with contributions to the field by such scientists as Zasiadko, Constantinov, and Congreve. Although currently in a further advanced state, solid propellant rockets remain in widespread use today, as seen in rockets including the Space Shuttle dual booster engines and the Delta series booster stages.  Liquid fueled  rockets were first theorized by Tsiolkozski in 1896.

The Character of Daisy in Henry James Daisy Miller Essay

What is the purpose of Daisy in the novel Daisy Miller by Henry James? Why did James create such a beguiling and bewildering character? Since the publication of Jamess novel in 1878, Daisy has worn several labels, among them flirt, innocent, and American Girl. Daisys representation of an American Girl of the late 19th century is evident. Her free-spiritedness and individuality reflect the social movement of the American middle-class. The question of Daisys innocence, however, remains unanswered. One of the most interesting aspects about Daisy is her distance from the reader. The reader is not given access to Daisys inner thoughts or emotions. Instead, the reader must observe Daisy through the limited perception†¦show more content†¦Henry Jamess Daisy, however, is a free-spirited individual who ignores class structures and customary behavior...treating all she meets as equal human beings (Hocks 33). At first Winterbourne is enchanted by Daisys freshness and spontanei ty. But eventually, under his aunts influence, he begins to turn away from Daisy and the freedom she offers. He vacillates from thinking of her as pretty and charming to regarding her, as his aunt does, as common and rather wild (James 461). One reason for Winterbournes changing opinions about Daisy is that she associates with people of lower classes. She talks to chambermaids and couriers, for instance. But most damning is her friendship with the Italian music-master, Mr. Giovanelli, who is socially unacceptable to Winterbourne and his aunt. Daisys close friendship with Giovanelli lessens her chances of being accepted by Mrs. Costello and her contemporaries. Daisys relationship with Giovanelli leads to Winterbournes conviction that she is wanting in a certain indispensable delicacy (James 477). Thus, in Winterbournes eyes, Daisy is not worthy of his respect. Another way in which Daisys free-spiritedness fails to change Winterbourne is that it threatens his masculinity. According to critic Robert Weisbuchs article Winterbourne and the Doom of Manhood in Daisy Miller, Winterbourne is a misogynist, or hater of women, who blame(s) evil on women (PollakShow MoreRelatedCharacter Analysis of Winterborne in Henry James Daisy Miller1262 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Winterborne: An Examination of Thought Process In the novella Daisy Miller by Henry James, the main character Winterbourne, exhibits one of the main characteristic of critical thinking: Intellectual humility. Intellectual humility is defined as having a lucid awareness of the limits of ones knowledge, not to mention a consciousness of any potential internal biases or ego (criticalthinking.org, 2012). Essentially, one does not believe one knows everything and one has a healthy level of curiosityRead MorePoint Of View Of Daisy Miller1060 Words   |  5 PagesJuly 2017 Daisy Miller As the Civil War gave way to industrialization in the Gilded Age, many Americans took advantage of the shortened travel time across the Atlantic Ocean in record numbers. This new postwar era of wealthy Americans could afford traveling back and forth to Europe. Americans not only became more increasingly exposed to European culture, but they also opened the eyes of many Europeans to the new fundamental ideals of the New World. One of these Americans was Henry James, and it wasRead MoreComparing and Contrasting Social Issues and Formalities of Henry James’s â€Å"Daisy Miller† and Edith Wharton’s â€Å"The Other Two†1094 Words   |  5 PagesFormalities of Henry James’s â€Å"Daisy Miller† and Edith Wharton’s â€Å"The Other Two† In Henry James’s â€Å"Daisy Miller† and Edith Wharton’s â€Å"The Other Two,† the narrators each disclose the complications of their party’s social formalities during circumstances within their own society. In both short stories, Winterbourne and Waythorn try to figure out their adored ones character and motives but for different reasons. In â€Å"Daisy Miller,† it’s noticeable that Mr. Winterbourne ends up longing for Daisy Miller as he triesRead MoreAnalysis Of Mark Twain s The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn And Henry James1557 Words   |  7 Pagesimmigrants. Those famous authors like Mark Twain and Henry James wrote down social and psychological transformations bring out in the nation by creating removed, impartial status of daily life. In order to bring readers to be fascinated and thoughtful by their novels and to depict their character and the reader’s setting to life, Mark Twain in the adventures of Huckleberry Finn an d Henry James showed the reality of life in his story Daisy Miller. There are two main part of realism definitions helpRead More The Quintessential American Woman Essay904 Words   |  4 Pagesfascinated many authors, including Henry James. To express his enthrallment, James employed his literary talent to create Daisy Miller. Daisy exudes the vast depth of the entity of the American woman, which originally captured James’ attention. John Hay, a contemporary observer of American manners and mores stated of the American woman, â€Å"Her conduct is without blemish, according to the rural American standard, and she knows no other† (qtd. in Fogel 52). James’s Daisy Miller depicts the innocence of theRead More The Innocence of Daisy Miller Essay1001 Words   |  5 Pages In 1878, Henry James wrote, Daisy Miller, a novella about a young American girl and her travels in Europe. Daisy Miller is a complex short story with many underlying themes such as appearance versu s reality, knowledge versus innocence, outward action versus inward meditation, and Nature versus urbanity. In this short story, one is left to judge whether Daisy Miller, the main character of the story, is â€Å"a pretty American flirt† or a misunderstood, modern young woman. By probing into the complexitiesRead MoreDaisy Miller by Henry James938 Words   |  4 Pageswhat Daisy Miller is about. The characters that Henry James writes about in Daisy Miller come across as being innocent, free, and fresh. This can only be said for the American characters. There were always sentences that make Europeans seem like they are snobby and corrupt. There is that little hint of sophistication. One would assume that this comes with the territory. When Daisy and her family are in Europe, they represent the New World element in the Old World. The protagonist, Daisy Miller, isRead MoreLiterature During The Civil War And The Yellow Wall Paper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman865 Words   |  4 Pagesduring this time period are â€Å"Daisy Miller† by Henry James and â€Å"The Yellow Wall-Paper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman†. Both of these works have elements of realism, however, â€Å"The Yellow Wall-Paper† is more effective in utilizing elements of realism than â€Å"Daisy Miller†. Realism, according to Howells, is ordinary (Norton Anthology 548). It portrays the story as close to the reality of ordinary people’s lives as possible (Norton Anthology 548). Instead of making the characters, storylines, and settingsRead MoreLiterary Realism : A Movement1602 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature II 11 October 2015 Literary Realism Realism was a movement in literature that followed Romanticism. In sharp contrast to Romanticism, everyday things characterized the writing of this time period. The use of authentic settings, relatable characters, and plotlines made realism what it was. In order to support the goals of these works, authors, for the first time, created stories that truly represented class and gender. The topics of class and money often appeared in these works. The peopleRead MoreCharles Darwin And His Theory Of Evolution1248 Words   |  5 PagesRealism would focus on characters and setting more than plot or ideas. Particularly the author describes their characters, their actions, their emotions and surroundings as close to reality as possible. The characters are not perfectly good or completely evil; they exhibit strengths and weaknesses. The characters often commit crimes or do immoral things, and are not judged accordingly. Among the early American Realist authors who held such practices were Mar k Twain and Henry James. Although their individual

Chinese Market Attractive to Uber-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.What made the Chinese market attractive to Uber? Do you believe that Uber can succeed in the Chinese Market?. 2.What market forces did Uber China fail to identify, underestimate or consider in relation to its market entry?. 3.What positioning and customer acquisition program the company could have pursued? Do you believe that Uber could have succeeded? Why? Answers: 1.China had almost 750 million urban commuters which made it the largest consumer market in the world, roughly 5 times that of the size of the 150 million US commuter market. At the same time, Chinese car ownership was extremely low; it had 69 cars for 1000 people. Moreover there was a short supply of taxi services in China and low fares were paid to the taxi drivers. Adding to the agony, the entire population relied heavily on buses, metro and other such means of transport for commuting. All these features made the market extremely attractive for Uber to foray in the Chinese market. As the market held limitless opportunity to gain riders and offer ride sharing and online Chauffeuring service to the commuters. Uber then finally launched in the year 2013 with Uber Black, the company did not achieve much success initially because people perceived that the fares were too high. Therefore when the company moved to other cities it went forward with Uber X, the low cost ride services. Uber also launched the service Uber people to penetrate in the market; it was not for profit ride hailing services with the fare being calculated according to the ownership and the operating cost of the vehicles. The company at the same time spent around $ 2 Billion towards the promotion and it benefited all the stakeholders (Uber, drivers riders). In the bid to dominate the market, company faced stiff competition from Didi Chuxing and Yideo, and by 2015 the company had a total market capitalization worth $ 8 billion. At last in the year 2016 Uber in a share swap deal sold its business and operation to Didi. The move was right as it was really difficult for Uber to keep on competing in a price sensitive market with deep pocket players. The company did everything to capture the market; however its positioning flaw led company to sell off its business. 2.Uber entered the Chinese market in the year 2013; a year after DIdi entered the market. The company went with the vision to apply the model which made it highly successful in the US market. However the company did not anticipate the challenges in doing so and hence had to sell off its business in the year 2016 to Didi. Company failed to perform at many front; the first one being the companys first offering to the Chinese market was Uber Black. Uber Black in itself was an expensive service and because of the model the fare exceeded the prevalent taxi fares (Rivas, 2017) Another factor which the company failed to comprehend was the market dominance of Didi and Yidao; these two players had a market capitalization of over 89 percent and also had created a strong brand identity for itself. At the time Uber reached a market valuation of $ 8 billion, Didi had already captured 10 million trips per days and boosted revenue of $ 36 Billion. Hence it can be said that Didi Chuxing had already created market dominance and being a Chinese company the government regulations were limited and the company could overlook them. Uber on the other hand was caught up in a lot of legal matters in China and paid huge sum in fines, further reducing its investment power. Yidao on the other hand was offering customized chauffeuring services and did not compete on price, hence its market and business model was entire different than that of Uber and Didi(Hook, 2016) Further Uber partnered with Baidu, the largest search company which helped Uber in the map services and the GPS system; on the other hand Didi took advantage of the other leading player in the market Tencent and used its services for Maps and paying bills. We Chat was the largest messaging service in China and company took full advantage of it and We Chat helped the company in mass penetration. Uber tried to pull off every trick possible out if its hat, but all the efforts of the company went into vain. Uber came up with a great promotion strategy, it offered subsidized ride fares to drivers riders, but the feature was taken for a ride in the way drivers and riders created fake accounts to take leverage of the promotional scheme. Uber further came with green hybrid cars to provide environmental friendly services to the Chinese market, but it also failed miserably. The company after spending $ 2 billion out of the $ 13 billion it had raised globally decided to shut down its business, it was a right call which the company made (Wirtz Tang, 2016) 3.Uber forayed in the Chinese market with much fanfare in the year 2013, a time which was right for Uber to enter the market because of the lack of taxi hiring service and no structure in the way taxi market operated. There was less intervention from the government and the company was under the assumption that it could replicate its earlier successful business model in China. However, it was just a dream which did not turned into a reality (Manjoo, 2014). A 5 why analysis will help us gain further insight into cutting quickly into the symptoms of the problem and help in dealing with them once for all. It can also be used for troubleshooting, quality improvement and problem solving. 5 Whys can help in getting the company to focus on one single track or very few tracks to effectively tackle a problem. The model provision a very simple 7 step process to define the 5 whys in the framework Assemble the team Define the problem Addressing the first why-Why the company is facing problem in the Chinese market- The company is facing problem in the Chinese market due to the fierce competition it is facing at the hands of Didi, also its inefficiency to combat the challenges posed by other players. Another reason for facing the problem is because of its credit card payment system. Asking Why four more times- Other reason why the company could not fare well in the Chinese market were: Not relying on the services of the local people and local authorities, the company completely went forward with its own model of working. This did not go down well with the local people of China, leading to strong resentment from the local authorities. Uber did not find local partners to help the company in establishing the business create a momentum and gain market dominance. The biggest mistake the company made was competing in the Chinese market on Price. Price wars in the past in China have never gone down well. Several of the failing international companies are; Amazon Google. The company was a little late in its entry in the Chinese market, and the biggest reason why the company failed was, not having a fair understanding of the Chinese market(Rogers, 2015) Step 5- Knowing when to stop asking the why- The reason being because after asking the same question 4 times earlier, the reasons are repeating and thus does not solve a purpose. Addressing the root cause- The root cause which I believe was the biggest roadblock in its way of success in the Chinese market can be unable to make a connect with the local people, in acceptance of local culture and not being in a position to create a formidable partnership with the local players. Monitor the measures-In this case, the measure cannot be monitored because the company sold its business to Didi in a share deal and also gained a significant share in Lyft, another ride service company of China. In my opinion, if Uber would have followed the below mentioned strategy the company could have succeeded: Competing on providing great customer service and exceed the expectation of the Chinese customers. Bring a disruption in the Chinese market by raising the envelope of its service offering would have put company in a great position. China had a culture of paying in cash; on the other hand Uber went ahead with paying through credit card services, another reason why the company could not succeed in the China market. Partnering with the local taxi providers and drivers, as this would help the drivers to not live in a fear of losing a job and they would have gained after coming under the Umbrella of the Uber brand. The company however did not give much heads to the needs of the local people, local culture and forgo the local partnership, needless to say if all this would have been done the fate of Uber could have swung in some other direction. References Hook, L., 2016. Ubers battle for China.Financial Times. https://ig. ft. com/sites/uber-in-china/(21.04. 2017). Manjoo, F., 2014. With Uber, less reason to own a car.New York Times, pp.1-4. Rivas, R., 2017. Is Co-Operation the Opposite of Competition?: Two Sides of the Same Coin. Rogers, B., 2015. The social costs of Uber.U. Chi. L. Rev. Dialogue,82, p.85. Wirtz, J. and Tang, C., 2016. Uber: Competing as market leader in the US versus being a distant second in China.SERVICES MARKETING: People Technology Strategy, pp.626-632

Uncle Vanya Monologue Essay Paper Example For Students

Uncle Vanya Monologue Essay Paper A monologue from the play by Anton Chekhov NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from The Moscow Arts Theatre Series of Plays. Ed. Oliver M. Sayler. New York: Brentanos, 1922. ASTROFF: Yes, ten years have made another man of me. And why? Because I am overworked. Nurse, I am on my feet from morning until evening. I know no rest at all: at night I shake under my bedclothes for fear I\ll be dragged out to visit some sick people. Ever since I\ve known you, I haven\t had a single carefree day. How could I help growing old? Life is tedious, anyhow; it is a senseless, dirty business, and drags heavily. Every one in this neighborhood is silly, and after you live with them for two or three years you grow silly yourself. It is inevitable. See what a long moustache I have grown. A silly, long moustache. Yes, I am as silly as all the others, nurse, but not as stupid; no I have not grown stupid. Thank God, my brain is not muddled yet, though my feelings have grown dull. I ask for nothing, I need nothing, I love no one, except yourself alone. When I was a child, I had a nurse just like you. During the third week of Lent, an epidemic of eruptive typhoid broke out at M alitskoi, and I was called there. The peasants were all stretched side by side in their huts, and the calves and pigs were running about the floor among the sick. How filthy it was, and such smoke! Beyond words! I slaved among those people all day. I hadn\t a crumb to eat. But when I got home there was still no rest for me: a switchman was carried in from the railroad; I laid him on the operating table and he died in my arms under the chloroform. And then although my feelings should have been deadened, they rose again; my conscience tortured me as if I had murdered him. I sat down and shut my eyeslike thisand thought: will our descendants two hundred years from to-day, for whom we are breaking the path, remember us in a kindly spirit? No, nurse, they will forget. We will write a custom essay on Uncle Vanya Monologue Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

The Particular Features Of The Employment System I Essay Example For Students

The Particular Features Of The Employment System I Essay n JapanThe Particular Features Of The Employment System In Japan One of the unique and well known features of the Japanese employmentsystem is permanent employment for workers. Japanese corporations responses torecessionary periods provide an opportunity to sort out the myths from therealities of the Japanese permanent employment system. During recessions Japanese companies forced to reduce their costsachieve reductions in several ways. First, they reduce the number of women andtemporary workers they employ. During the recession that followed the 1973 oilshocks female employment dropped by eleven percent; more then five times thedrop in male employment. It was easy to reduce female employment because womeneven if they hold permanent positions are thought of as transitory workers whowill leave the workforce when they get married. Female and temporary workers area safety valve for Japanese companies that allow them to reduce costs in theshort-term without firing permanent male workers. The second way Japanesecompanies reduce costs is by giving early retirement to senior workers at thecompany. Many of these workers forced into early retirement then take up farmingas is the custom in Japan for retires. Getting rid of senior workers is one themost effective tools companies have of reducing costs because these workers hav emore seniority and thus make more money then the average worker. Japanesecompanies also are able to cut costs during recessions by reducing oreliminating bonuses paid to workers, cutting down on hiring of new workers,eliminating the farming out of work to subcontractors, transferring workersinternally with in the company to subsidiaries, and reducing profit margins tolevels that many American companies would find intolerable. We will write a custom essay on The Particular Features Of The Employment System I specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Japanese companies response to recessions shows the benefits anddisadvantages of their employment system. Some of the benefits are that loyaltyand labor relations are very good. This is due to the fact that for non-temporary male workers not yet near retirement age companies make a great effortto continue the permanent employment system even during recessions. Most youngmale workers once entering a company stay with it for their entire life and forthem Japans permanent employment system serves them well. These workers come toview their company as almost a benevolent parent; the company leads them throughfitness drills, training camps, and retreats. A workers identity is shaped notby their individual title but by the company they belong to. But, female,temporary, and senior workers wind up paying the price of this permanentemployment system. Women who want to work in a long-term position for a companylose their jobs when recession hits. And because many women who lose their jobsbecom e housewives and dont apply for unemployment insurance they become theinvisible unemployed, uncounted by labor department statistics. The permanentemployment system in Japan is only a permanent employment for non-temporary maleworkers not near retirement age, during recessions when companies are forced tocut costs mostly female, temporary, and elderly workers wind up loosing theirjobs. History

Analysis of The Dead Trilogy directed by George Romero essays

Analysis of The Dead Trilogy directed by George Romero essays The trilogy begins with 'Night of The Living Dead', this was released in 1968. It had a very small budget ($114,000). The main character is black, which was a huge break-through in those days. All of the main characters are killed in this film, including the black man; he is killed at the very end by a redneck. In the end credits we see the black man lying on the floor, dead, with a meat hook over his head, this is highly symbolic. This shows how mise-en-scene aids directors to get their message across. The second part of the trilogy is 'Dawn of The Dead', this was released in 1978. This film takes place inside a shopping mall. This supposed to exemplify normality and the everyday boring life of an American shopper, in contrast to the hundreds of zombies. The final part of the trilogy is 'Day of The Dead' this was released in 1985. This takes place inside a military base, whilst zombies are running wild and free above ground. This shows humans slightly as caged animals, even though they have some zombies caged up whilst they do experiments on them. However its clear that the zombies are in charge. In all three films the humans are trapped inside somewhere for the duration of the film, be it a house, shopping mall or military base. This shows how powerful the zombies are in comparison to the humans, as the zombies are free to do as they will, whilst the humans are stuck in one place with lack of food, water, communication etc. All three films have hidden messages which comment on George Romero's view of the state of the world at the time. 'Night of The Living Dead' conveys how racism was quite a problem then. The techniques he uses to show this are; the ways other characters interacted with him, they didn't treat him with as much respect as the other white characters, and how he was killed at the end instead of being hailed as ...

Business Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Environment - Essay Example There are two distinct types of Business Environment (Kew and Stredwick 2005). a) Internal environment b) External environment The internal environment includes money, machinery, man, material and management, which are usually based under business control and the changes upon the performance of the enterprise or organizations. The external environment consists of factors that are beyond the manipulation of the enterprise and entails the governmental and legal factors, political factors, socio-cultural factors among other factors. External environment could be micro or operating environment or macro or general environment. Scenario 1 Working for Stepping Stones education publishing LTD involves the need to expound on the economic chapter of the Business Environment. Task 1; Book Chapter: Any ultimate decision that is made by a manager must always involve price and output. The price –output decisions are surrounded by three factors. These factors include cost, demand and market structure (Henry 2008). Market structure refers to competitive environment whereby any enterprise manages and dictates on how cost and demand should be featured in decision making. Although various firms operate within different market structures, there are five basic market structures namely: monopoly, duopoly, oligopoly, monopolistic and perfect competition. A market operates under perfect competition if it persuades numerous firms, freedom of entry and exit, homogenous output and perfect information. A market economy has competition between huge numbers of buyers and sellers who search for a chance to buy and sell goods and services (Kapstein 1996). Competition among sellers dictates that prices will always be on the lower side and that of the buyers dictates that prices will never be very low hence making a major impact on the market equilibrium. The element price is very essential in the market. Its prime purpose is to ensure that there is a clarification in the economic market . In addition, price contributes to market analysis with regard to the demand curve (Krugman 1996). A demand curve is the relationship between the price of the good and the amount or quantity the consumer is able or willing to part with in regard to its purchase in a specified period of time with consideration to income, tastes and prices of similar goods. The graph above explains the Supply /Demand curve in relation to production of Oil in Libya. In essence, the demand for crude oil increases when the price is low causing the supply for the product to decrease. According to Kew and Stredwick 2005 argues that pure monopoly ensures that there is the only one supplier in the market, there is no close replacement to the output good plus no threat of competition. Monopoly means that there is only one firm that is ruling the market. This kind of domination is not competitive because it is the only supplier in the market hence it as a downward sloping demand curve as it has the freedom to choose its prices and quality in the market. Duopoly is a market dominated by two firms, which are large enough to influence prices in the market. In addition, oligopoly is dominated by a small number of firms, which are large enough to manipulate prices in the market. A market structure that is monopolistic constitutes of several producers with various real or perceived difference in products. A perfect competiti

Work Health Safety Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Work Health Safety Act - Essay Example The Work Health and Safety Act can only be effectively maintained in a workplace with coordination from HR personnel and also incorporating this act into business operations. The NT regulators of this act are responsible for the overall regulation of the key objectives of this act in every territory or region. The Work Health and Safety Act in the Northern Territory in Australia have the major responsibility of regulating all the territories in this region. The main objective of this act is ensure safety and health of workers at the workplace, electrical safety, to provide protection to the workers against dangerous goods, and focuses on worker’s compensation and rehabilitation. The WHS act was majorly formulated so that the workers can be given a workplace atmosphere that is not only full of harmony but takes care about smaller aspects related to the workers (Mayhew, 2007, pp. 67-68). The objectives can be further extended such as the first main objective of this act is to secure the welfare, health and safety factor of all the individuals who are a part of an organization. It prohibits any organization from over exploiting workers or rather does not take active measures towards the health and safety of the workers (Loewenson, 2001, pp. 94-95). The second objective of this act is to protect the lives of those workers who can be subjected to various risky activities that can take place in the workplace. The other objective of this Act is to control the use, acquiring and also keeping stocks of flammable or highly explosive substances in the workplace. This objective mainly takes into consideration the safety of the workers that should be treated as one of the priorities by an organization (Sherriff and Tooma, 2010, pp. 72-73). The next objective of the legislative act is to provide protective facilities and guidelines and also to have

The Good and Evil Desire of Macbeth Essay Example for Free

The Good and Evil Desire of Macbeth Essay Desire in itself is a powerful force. In fact, almost every action we take, good or evil, is prompted by desire. Success and advancement is also something we all seem to want. It is something people spend hours, days, and years of their life either preparing for, or chasing after. It is a desire that we are often striving for, and the things acquired or accomplished along the way are how we define our lives. Ultimately, at one’s funeral people will remember a person by how their lives summed up in the good or the bad that has been contributed, and the actions took in doing so. In William Shakespeare’s play, The Tragedy of Macbeth, depicts the story of an individual’s desire for success and advancement. In this case, a heroic man’s desire becomes something evil that causes tragic events, including murderous acts committed by Macbeth in a bloody rise to power and eventually leads to his complete and utter destruction. In considering any moral question one must use rational thinking to come to a logical conclusion of what is right verse wrong, or good verse evil. In Macbeth’s case, his lack of using rationality, common sense and logic caused a normally healthy emotion of desire for success and advancement into a self destructive one because, it continually led him to make terrible decision. American writer and philosopher Aryn Rand asserts, â€Å"Man must obtain his knowledge and choose his actions by a process of thinking† otherwise, â€Å"Man has the power to act as his own destroyer† (534). Taking into consideration Rand’s moral philosophy of ethical egoism, a person ought to do what is in his or her own best interest further proves that Macbeth desire became evil or was wrong because it led to his death. While Rand’s quote in itself is rational and quite fitting considering Macbeth’s died due to his actions, on the other hand, moral questions cannot be decided alone by appealing to moral authority. For example, take into consideration, German philosopher Frederick Nietzsche. According to Oscar Levy, desire for success and advancement can relate to how â€Å"Nietzsche believes that the fundamental creative force that motivates all creation is the will to power. We all seek to affirm ourselves, to flourish and dominate. † (122). Many people in today’s society can also agree with that belief and how it relates to the story of Macbeth. A person in today’s society could measure their success and accomplishments in a job title, valuable contributions on projects and the feelings of joy from recognition or respect from peers thus leading to a promotion to a higher position, monetary raises, and authority over others. In The Tragedy of Macbeth, Macbeth is Thane of Glamis. This social title indicates him as a baron. This is a position in the upper class of aristocracy that includes owning a castle and lands. In addition, his valuable and heroic contribution as a valiant soldier in a recent battle has given him respect and recognition among his peers. This furthers his advancement and success by King Duncan, thus granting him an additional title, Thane of Cawdor. However, the problem with Nietzsche’s belief, no matter how fitting, is that it is an unsound argument because it is a hasty generalization. Not â€Å"all creation† seeks to â€Å"affirm ourselves, to flourish and dominate† (122). For example, take a person in today’s society who is offered a promotion. This promotion comes with a more responsibilities such as, managing a department of people. It is quite possible that this person is currently happy with their position and does not wish to have the extra responsibilities of exercising control over other staff members. Therefore, in Nietzsche terms they do not want to â€Å"dominate† other people. It is an illogical statement to include all creation in the premise. Another problem in appealing to Nietzsche’s moral authority is that a person could simple disagree with his reasoning of good and bad. According to Nietzsche in Goodness and the Will To Power, Good is â€Å"all that heightens the feeling of power, the Will To Power, and the power itself in a man,† bad is â€Å" all that proceeds as weakness,† and happiness is â€Å"the feeling that power is growing, that resistance is overcome† (134). In Macbeth’s case, his desire for the crown and to remain in power led to him committing regicide, killing the groomsman, hiring murderers to kill his friend Banquo, and ordering the death of Macduff’s wife and children. While Nietzsche would agree that all of those actions are good, society would not look too kindly upon the act of murdering innocents. Even if a person has the credentials to be an authority of a subject, there should be ways of testing the truth or reasonableness of moral judgments. As a matter of fact, Macbeth would fail any test of happiness because he consistently had what Nietzsche considered as bad or weak reactions. For example, instead of being happy that his power was growing after killing King Duncan, Macbeth stated he was, â€Å"afraid to think what I have done† (2. 2. 64). His bloody rise to power to gain and secure the crown may of produced a brief flicker of pleasure but resulted in the enormous price of his conscious destroying him. This included insanity in where his guilt and paranoia led to hallucinations in such as severe nature that he couldn’t distinguish reality from fantasy. As I previously stated, people will remember a person at their funeral by how their lives summed up in the good or the bad that they contributed, and the actions took in doing so. Ultimately, Macbeth will be remembered as a man who committed regicide and a murderer of a woman, children, and his kinsmen. His lack of using rationality, common sense and logic led him to make terrible decision and began a vicious circle causing a chain reaction of horrendous acts and consequences resulting in the suicide of his wife and ultimately his own death. Overall, Macbeth’s desire for success and advancement became truly evil that had severe consequences on not just himself and his wife but of innocents. Works Cited Nietzsche, Friedrich. Beyond Good and Evil. The Moral Life: An Introductory Reader in Ethics and Literature. Ed. Louis Pojman and Lewis Vaughn. 4th. New York: Oxford UP, 2011. 121-134. Print. Rand, Ayn. In Defense of Ethical Egoism. The Moral Life: An Introductory Reader in Ethics and Literature. Ed. Louis Pojman and Lewis Vaughn. 4th. New York: Oxford UP, 2011. 531-541. Print. Shakespeare, William. â€Å"The tragedy of Macbeth. † Ed. Paul Werstine and Barbara A. Mowat. New York: Simon Schuster Paperbacks, 1992. Print.

Organizational Decision Making Approaches

Organizational Decision Making Approaches Introduction The main focus of this paper is about different approaches in making decisions in a business or company. Followed by insight into the process of making decision, and some influential factors. Finally, an assessment of manager approaches to risk and uncertainty in decision making is included too. Decision- making approachs The literature is rich in theories regarding decision making. Three main theories will be discussed and explained . they are as follow: the rational approach, naturalistic approach, and multiple-perspectives approach. The rational approach. In this theory the manager is expected to be fully aware about the whole situation before taking decision and at the same time to be rational (Turpin and Marais 2006). There are few elements must be available to facilitate the rational decision-making process (Turpin and Marais 2006). These elements are given by Simon ( 1997) : Intelligence : picking the right moment to take a decision. Design: creating, carrying out, and deep analyzing for all actions possibilities. Selecting : picking one choice from all available choices. Reviewing : analyzing possible consequences of the chosen course. (Simon 1960). In typical rationality, it is expected that the decision maker is aware of all possible choices, outcomes, have clear vision and methodology in prioritizing the outcomes, and be able to compare the outcomes and selecting the best (Kreitner, Kinicki et al. 2001). During the choice process, each possibility is linked to numerical value and the possibility with the highest value is determined to be the best choice (Turpin and Marais 2006). Naturalistic decision- making approach The concept of this theory is to put everything in its natural context before understanding and analyzing anything (Turpin and Marais 2006). What makes this theory unique from similar descriptive approaches is its empirical background (Turpin and Marais 2006). Recognition –Primed Decision (RPD) (Klein 1998) approach is the latest update of this theory. The RPD has been introduced by Gary Klein. He analyzed around six hundreds decisions taken in critical situations by ordinary and specialized people like doctors, military generals etc.. (Turpin and Marais 2006). IN RPD, experiences plays major role and the situation evaluation ability increases with the more experience the decision maker posses (Klein 1998). Based on his own previous experience the decision maker can assess the situation and what direction thing can take and then determines which choice to take. Once the plan has been implemented and things take unfamiliar course , the decision maker could collect new information and modify his decision (Turpin and Marais 2006). multiple-perspectives approach this approach has been presented by Mitroff and Linstone (1993) as an attempt to study a problem from all available perspectives (Mitroff and Linstone 1993). This approach has used Singer and Churchman’s (1971) idea of unbounded systems thinking, which considers any conflict is not isolated from any other conflicts (Churchman 1971, Turpin and Marais 2006). Perspectives in this approach are being categorized into three main areas. These areas are: technical, individual, and organizational (Turpin and Marais 2006). Technical refers to information collecting process in order to understand the system (Turpin and Marais 2006). Although some projects could be seen as rational or objective assumption of the situation, variety of technical perspectives could be obtained as a result of diverse analysts (Turpin and Marais 2006). Thus, it is highly recommended to develop and generate several technical perspectives of a system. Analyzing of major key-players and stakeholder to maximum limit is required to guarantee a comprehensive coverage of all possible organizational and individual aspects or perspectives (Turpin and Marais 2006). Despite of some decisions appears to be as brilliant and marvelous decisions , ethically these decisions are not accepted. Thus, In addition to three categories mentioned above, ethical perspectives should be always calculated (Mitroff and Linstone 1993). Decision-making process in depth Decision making process is a formula composed of two phases. The first phase is or expansive and the second is convergent (Russo and Schoemaker 2002). The first phase focuses on gathering and studying all possible decisions. The second phase is about eliminating some choices and coming up with one final decision (Russo and Schoemaker 2002, Turpin and Marais 2006). Decision makers usually the follow several different strategies. For example, creating several teams; within the company; with different approaches to coordinate and communicate , and come up with possible solutions. Another strategy is intuitive (Turpin and Marais 2006). Is this scenario, the subconscious plays vital role in the developing of some solutions. There are some similarities between the expansive stage and the design phase of the rational model of Simon’s (1977) and Mitrov and Linstones (1993) model of multiple perspectives style (Turpin and Marais 2006). In the divergent phase there are two possible scenarios. The first is when the person who is going to take the decision is reluctant and does not have the decisiveness or enough courage to live with uncertainties of his decision. Then the phase will be put on hold to the last second. The second scenario is when the decision maker is confident enough the convergent phase will not take long time and the decision is taken on the spot. However, there is very important factor in the convergent phase which is the balance factor. The balance factor means to be ready to receive and act accordingly to any new information. These information might not delay the speed of making the decision necessarily, even if they could influence it. On the other hand , in certain situations the balance factor might cause some disturbance in the convergent factor and lead the decision maker back to the expansive phase again. The decision making process is under the influence of many variables. For example , the sophistication of the conflict, limited time available, and surrounding environment (Turpin and Marais 2006). For instance, in dynamic and continuously changing environment such business the exploratory and convergent stages might be squeezed into one phase due to the time limit. Decision making influential factors These factors are as follow (Turpin and Marais 2006): full and comprehensive evaluation of the situation understanding the situation and putting everything thing in its context. Categorizing company processes into established frameworks, and appreciation of the value systems of people. Presenting data Overloading any decision maker with information could result in putting him/her in chaos. Effective organizing in of the information in elegant style could save the decision maker time and fasten the process . Implementing technology Nowadays, technology provides useful tools that can lead straight to the point and helps in analyzing the situation. Managerial Decision Making Under Risk and Uncertainty Risk in definition is a ( threat to success)(Chapman and Ward 2007). Risk importance comes from the fact it is inseparable part of any project or business plan and can be either positive or negative (March and Shapira 1987, RIPLOVà  2007) . While negative risk mean too low chances in success, positive risk equals great chances in getting successful results. Risk management main duty is to decrease risk possibilities in any project or business plan through systemic approach (RIPLOVà  2007). Attitudes to risk Attitudes to risk can be classified into three areas. These attitudes are neutral, in favor of, and overter (Boehlje and Eidman 1984). Averse risk person prefers to lose some possible revenue or gain in order to reduce risk probabilities. On the other hand, Risk pron- person has the attitude of accepting higher risk potential to gain extra. The risk neutral person has one main target or goal which is not to make huge outcome, but to establish sustainable gain on the long run. This person does not have that much worry about huge losses as long he is getting what he wants (Kaan 2002). to achieve successful decision planning and making , the decision maker must understand his own risk attitude and utilize it along other capabilities he has (Kaan 2002). Risk mamagment Risk management is well established method of how to identify the risk , analysis risk probabilities, track and assess risk continuously, and come out with best solutions to control the risk and reduce its influence or impact (Leonard 1999, RIPLOVà  2007). Leonard (1999) has divided the risk management process into 4 stages. These phases are as follow: Planning: Includes putting strategy; aim and targets, evaluating process, executing, and supervising actions; locating recourses, activates, and duties; setting up a criteria to track risk elements; and continuous and regular documentation and organize information (Leonard 1999). Risk assessment: The aim of risk assessment is to identify and analysis ; continuously, all possible risks linked to the system, as long the system is being active. The main purpose of risk identifying is recognize risks of concern. That could be achieved through identifying potential uncertainty/risk causes. Then converting uncertainty to risk. After that, quantifying risk ,creating probabilities, and prioritizing risk factors (Leonard 1999). Once identifying process is finished, the analyzing process starts. Risk analyzing process goal is to locate risk causes, evaluate the risk consequences, and what is the best substitutes. In addition to that, selecting which risk to be followed and what criteria to overcome that risk (Leonard 1999). Risk handling Risk mitigation is to follow planning and assessing risk. That can be done through many ways, such as, avoiding risk, controlling risk, and transferring risk (Leonard 1999). Monitoring and feedback: Supervising the progress of the risk assessment and collecting feedback about possible emerging risks. The outcome is yet to be informed to all participated facilities, so the integrity and smooth of the whole process is protected from risks (Leonard 1999).

Peace Essay

Peace is a state of harmony characterized by the lack of violence, conflict behaviors and the freedom from fear of violence. Commonly understood as the absence of hostility, peace also suggests the existence of healthy or newly healed interpersonal or international relationships, prosperity in matters of social or economic welfare, the establishment of equality, and a working political order that serves the true interests of all. Etymology [edit] From the Latin pax, meaning â€Å"freedom from civil disorder,† the English word came into use in various personal greetings from c. 300 as a translation of the Hebrew shalom. Such a translation is, however, imprecise, as shalom, which is also cognate with the Arabic â€Å"salaam†, has multiple other meanings in addition to peace, including justice, good health, safety, well-being, prosperity, equity, security, good fortune, and friendliness. [citation needed] At a personal level, peaceful behaviors are kind, considerate, respe ctful, just, and tolerant of others’ beliefs and behaviors — tending to manifest goodwill. This latter understanding of peace can also pertain to an individual’s introspective sense or concept of her/himself, as in being â€Å"at peace† in one’s own mind, as found in European references from c. 1200. The early English term is also used in the sense of â€Å"quiet†, reflecting calm, serene, and meditative approaches to family or group relationships that avoid quarreling and seek tranquility — an absence of disturbance or agitation. In many languages the word for peace is also used a greeting or a farewell, for example the Hawaiian word Aloha, as well as the Arabic word salaam. In English the word peace is occasionally used as a farewell, especially for the dead, as in the phrase Rest In Peace. Buddhists believe that peace can be attained once all suffering ends. They regard all suffering as stemming from cravings (in the extreme, greed), aversions (fears), or delusions. To eliminate such suffering and achieve ersonal peace, followers in the path of the Buddha adhere to a set of teachings called the Four Noble Truths — a central tenet in Buddhist philosophy. Islam means submission. Muslim, etymologically directly related to salaam and the name Islam, means a person who submits to Allah in salaam. [citation needed] Submission to Allah is based on humility. An attitude of humility within one’s own self cannot be accomplished without total rejection of violence, and a personal attitude and alignment t oward peace.

Using teaching styles to make positive contributions in physical education

The usage of appropriate instruction manners makes an of import part to kids ‘s acquisition in physical instruction. Different instruction manners affect many facets of instruction and acquisition, including the acquisition environment and the instructor ‘s ability to run into single demands. As physical instruction has a broad spectrum of aims harmonizing to Macfayden & A ; Bailey ( 2002 ) instructors should utilize a broad assortment of learning manners to guarantee that students achieve the broad assortment of techniques and accomplishments that physical instruction has to offer. This survey will see the assorted definitions associated with the subject and pay specific attending to the spectrum of learning manners proposed by Mosston & A ; Ashworth ( 1986 ) . The survey will so specifically concentrate on usage of the productive and generative manners by analyzing my ain experience against findings from literature. The model for learning manners and behaviors came from work by Mosston ( 1966 ) . The thoughts that Mosston proposed hold changed and adapted since the first publication of the model. The interaction between instructor and pupil has been developed since his initial publication ( Mosston & A ; Ashworth, 1986 ) and have provided a model where the determinations are the chief component and the relationship between the instructor and the scholar has in doing those determinations. So influential was it that the work by Nixon & A ; Locke ( 1973 ) described it as â€Å" the most important progress in the theory of physical instruction teaching method in recent history † . A instruction manner is concerned with how an activity is delivered, instead than what is delivered, ( Macfadyen & A ; Bailey, 2002 ) . Research conducted by Siendentop ( 1991 ) has besides suggested that â€Å" a instruction manner is typified by the instructional and managerial clime that exists during the lesson which can be observed in the chief that the instructor interacts with the students and in some instances if there is an interaction at all † . The Spectrum incorporates 10 landmark manners based on the grade to which the instructor or the pupil assumes duty for what happens in a lesson. This describes a continuum, where at one extreme is the direct, teacher-led attack and at the other lies a much more open-ended and student-centred manner where the instructor acts merely in a facilitator function.Generative Teaching Manners:The generative or direct bunch includes the bid, pattern, mutual, self cheque and inclusion instruction manners ( Mosston & A ; Ashworth, 2002 ) . Direct manners of learning require the scholar to reproduce known stuff or cognition by retroflexing a specific theoretical account. This frequently involves capable affair associating to concrete facts, regulations or specific skills/movements ( Rink, 2002 ) . In order for students to animate specific accomplishments Derri & A ; Pachta ( 2007 ) identified that â€Å" scholars must foremost be provided with a right proficient theoretical account to emulate, sufficient clip to pattern the theoretical account and effectual feedback related to the original theoretical account † , with the right proficient theoretical account frequently being shown by the instructor. Research conducted by Pieron ( 1998 ) supports the usage of the bid learning manner as the writer argues that copying the most efficient manner ( that of the instructors presentation ) is extremely profitable. It is seen as more profitable because it saves clip as the instructor has the overall duty for rectifying mistakes and it ensures that students receive accurate feedback. The research conducted by Salvara et Al ( 2006 ) highlighted that â€Å" the direct instruction manners specifically the bid manner has been shown to hold a positive impact on category control and motor public presentation † . Within my instruction I have found that utilizing this manner of learning to be the most effectual for category control particularly when the category has a big figure of students and when the category requires a batch of behaviour direction schemes used to command to the category. However Pellett & A ; Blakemore ( 1997 ) conducted a survey of undertaking presentation and content public presentation of four instructors who all had difference degrees of experience and found that pupils taught by an experient instructor were more effectual at executing the accomplishments when compared to being taught by a instructor of small experience. My experience whilst on instructor preparation has besides supported these findings as I was able to show the undertakings more clearly to pupils when I had more experience in that peculiar activity. I was besides able to distinguish the undertaking to a higher degree with activities that I was familiar with as I had more thoughts and experience to pull upon, whereas with activities I had small experience of I found it more ambitious to be originative and come on the students. This has resulted in me taking actions towards seeking to better capable cognition in countries of the course of study where my experience is missing or deficient. Research conducted by Griffey ( 1983 ) has found that when practising accomplishments pupils of lower ability benefited more from the bid manner of learning as they had small old experience to pull from. This is something that I have besides noticed, when learning lower ability groups it is more good to give the direction or presentation of undertaking to salvage clip and when working with higher ability students leting the more able students to show the accomplishment to increase pupil motive. These findings have non been supported by Goldberger & A ; Gerney ( 1990 ) who found that under circuit preparation conditions the lower ability students seemed to profit more from the chance to do determinations about clip spent practising at each station. However within this survey the pattern manner of instruction has besides bee n examined. Harmonizing to Byra ( 2000 ) â€Å" in the pattern manner of learning the scholars work at their ain gait and complete instructor designed undertakings in the order they choose, the category is organised around Stationss and the instructor provides single feedback to the scholars † . The most effectual type of pattern manner of learning I have used whilst on learning experience was the usage of circuit preparation as I chose the activities/skills/tasks to be practiced at each station and the students chose the strength to which they performed as each station. In a survey by Beckett ( 1991 ) on college age pupils the pattern manner has proved to be really effectual in advancing motor accomplishment alterations. From my experience of utilizing this manner I discovered that it was non peculiarly utile at advancing larning when there was limited clip or big groups as different ability students will come on at different times and take longer with certain accomplishments. However th e ages of students should be taken into consideration as my experience is from working with students aged 11-16 who because they are more susceptible to development in motor accomplishments than college aged pupils. This may explicate why Beckett did non detect any alterations in motor accomplishments as the topic in his survey may hold already to the full developed. My experience has besides been identified and supported by Goldberger & A ; Gerney ( 1986 ) & A ; Goldberger et Al ( 1982 ) . However I did happen this manner of learning utile during a wellness and fittingness unit of work where the sum of accomplishment acquisition was minimum and the chief focal point on the lesson was for students to be active utilizing circuit preparation and the acquisition was aimed at students being introduced to new cognition or deriving a farther apprehension of current cognition on different types of exercisings instead than developing accomplishments. The mutual manner has besides been examined by Goldberger & A ; Gerney ( 1986 ) & A ; Goldberger et Al ( 1982 ) . These research workers identified that in this manner the scholars work in braces to accomplish the results. The instructor ‘s ability to give effectual instruction/information is of import when utilizing this manner as when one scholar performs the other observes and gives feedback to the performing artist particular to the direction that the instructor gives at the start of the undertaking and when the performing artist completes the undertaking the scholars switch functions. From my experience the most effectual ways of giving direction are in the signifier of a presentation or a criteria sheet, I besides found that presentations are really effectual when showing accomplishments that I can demo high degrees of competency. In add-on to improved skill public presentation Goldberger ( 1992 ) besides found that â€Å" scholars in the mutual manner provided more feed back, expressed more empathy, offered more congratulations and encouragement and requested more feedback from each other when compared to a control group † . However from my experience of this manner the coupling of students is of import as if you pair students of different degrees the feedback would either be to complex or excessively simple therefore impacting the sum of acquisition and skill public presentation. Besides when working with pupils/groups where behaviour direction is an issue it is more good for the instructor to partner off the students harmonizing to ability instead than allowing students pick their spouse as this tends to take to the students picking friends and being distracted and traveling off undertaking. I have besides found that the manner in which you give the direction besides can hold an consequence on the lesson as undertaking sheets frequently do n't work with groups where behaviour direction is an issue as they do non react good to the resource a nd see it as something to mess about with instead than an educational tool. Byra & A ; Marks ( 1993 ) conducted a survey which focuses on the mutual manner and the effects that different couplings had on students battle. This survey highlighted students who were identified as friends gave more effectual and specific feedback due to their comfort degrees being higher as they were working with a friend. The writers besides found that grouping by ability had no consequence on the sum of feedback given or the comfort degree which is in understanding with my ain personal experiences. This surveies findings suggests that student working with friends is good nevertheless this survey does non take into history the behavior of the group which I have experienced can be a major lending fact when partner offing students. I have experienced when leting students to work in friendship braces can sometimes be damaging when they feel the undertaking is non honoring or good as they distract each other and sometimes do n't finish the undertaking. I have found that to partner off students with friends is good merely when you have built a resonance with the students and are cognizant of how they react working with friends. My experience of this manner is that it is besides good to utilize when measuring students supplying they are cognizant of the rating standards they can have more feedback therefore bettering public presentation when compared to other direct instruction manners. In support of this Cox ( 1986 ) found that when comparing the mutual manner against the bid and pattern manners that the sum of accomplishment motions was really similar which was surprising as the mutual manner involves a batch more feedback. It was besides found that three times the figure of feedback statements were offered to performing artists utilizing the mutual manner ensuing in higher accomplishments and cognition additions along with the development of societal relationship accomplishments. Harmonizing to Byra & A ; Jenkins ( 1998 ) within the inclusion manner of learning scholars choose the degree of trouble within a undertaking and measure their ain accomplishment public presentation. With this in head the benefits of the inclusion manner are that it provides students with the chance to prosecute in activity that is to their appropriate skill/knowledge degree potentially increasing inclusion and battle. My experience of utilizing this manner of instruction is that I have attempted to include it in all of my lessons as guaranting all students are included is indispensable to any lesson. However when leting students to decided which skill degree they work at frequently resulted in students taking a degree that is non appropriate whether that be to simple or excessively complex. This goes against the spectrum theory which suggests that â€Å" the status provided by the inclusion manner should advance success for all scholars † ( Mosston & A ; Ashworth, 1994 ) . The findings of Goldberger & A ; Gerney ( 1986 ) & A ; Goldberger et Al ( 1982 ) has supported my experience and observed that the bulk of scholars made inappropriate and uneffective determinations for their accomplishment degree by taking degrees that were excessively complex for them to make success or the aims even when encouraged or prompted by the instructor. From this I have learned to put boundaries for those students that make the undertaking to hard so for illustration when throwing and catching puting a maximal or minimal distance they can throw the ball. My experience has besides taught me that this manner is most effectual when used with older students as they have a better ego construct of their ain ability and are less susceptible to peer force per unit area this was besides observed by Beckett ( 1991 ) . In survey of college aged pupils Beckett ( 1991 ) found that the inclusion manner to be every bit effectual as the pattern manner for scholar accomplishment public pre sentation when larning motor accomplishments. These happening do non back up the decisions of Goldberger & A ; Gerney ( 1986 ) & A ; Goldberger et Al ( 1982 ) and it was suggested that the difference in pupils ages as a contributing factor which supports my experience. My experience of the Inclusion manner has besides highlighted the importance of planning and appraisal for the lesson as I have already identified that students sometimes do n't do the right determinations. Therefore as a consequence of this I found it good to measure the students who set boundaries and ends that may be above or below their degree and students who do non work good together and so be after a scheme into the following lesson to guarantee that those students remain focussed and on undertaking.Productive Teaching Manners:When compared to the generative instruction manner the productive bunch of Mosston & A ; Ashworth ( 1994 ) spectrum of learning manners has small background research. The productive bunch requires the scholar to bring forth new cognition, from my experience the instructor needs a high degree of understanding and creativeness to make or plan scenarios. Harmonizing to Byra ( 2000 ) â€Å" within the productive manners of learning students should prosecute in cognitive operations like job resolution, originative thought, contriving and critical thought to detect new motions † . It is the duty of the instructor to supply clip for cognitive processing hence at that place needs to be a category clime focused on seeking and analyzing and feedback for bring forthing different solutions instead than the same generic response ( Mosston & A ; Ashworth, 2002 ) . Harmonizing to Mosston & A ; Ashworth ( 1986 ) â€Å" six instruction manners have been identified in the productive bunch they are guided find and convergent find which both require convergent thought from the scholars and divergent production, single plan scholar design, scholar initiated and self learning which require divergent thought from scholars † . The bulk of the research in this country has studied the effects of the divergent find, convergent find and guided find. In a survey by Cleland & A ; Gallahue ( 1993 ) divergent motion forms were observed to set up baseline information and to analyze the different factors that contribute to a kid ‘s production of divergent motion. The findings highlighted that scholars could modify, follow and unite cardinal motion forms to bring forth divergent motion. In a farther survey Cleland ( 1994 ) compared the divergent find manner against the bid manner and a no direction control group to analyze the scholars ability to brin g forth divergent motion. The findings of this survey were that pupils generated a greater figure of divergent motions under the divergent find status. The research worker concluded that using critical thought in the signifier of the divergent find manner positively effects scholars ability to bring forth a higher measure of divergent motion forms. My experience of utilizing this instruction manner is that the students age/maturity and experience degrees are major lending factors as scholars with low degrees of experience have limited capable cognition to pull from therefore impacting their ability to modify current skills/movement my experience has besides been supported by the findings of Cleland & A ; Gallahue ( 1993 ) . As the old research suggests a pupils ability to believe critically is of import within the productive bunch of learning manners, wish this in head Cleland & A ; Pearse ( 1995 ) conducted a survey which examined the methods that physical instruction instructors use to guarantee that students use critical thought. Critical thought has been defined by McBride ( 1992 ) as â€Å" brooding thought is used to do sensible determinations about motion undertakings or challenges † ( page 115 ) . This surveies conclusion lucifer with my experience which was that this manner was most effectual when using the pattern manner of learning to give instruction/deliver the topic cognition so following guided find and convergent find to let the students to believe critically. The survey besides highlighted that â€Å" the more experient instructors were able to make a more effectual environment for the students to utilize originative thought accomplishments † McBride ( 1992 ) . From my experience I have besides been able to hold with these findings as I felt more comfy making an environment that was contributing to creative thought when learning a topic I had more experience in as I was able to give more effectual feedback. The research presented to this point has seemed to favor the usage of the productive instruction manners particularly when making cognitive acquisition nevertheless there is conflicting research presented by Salter & A ; Graham ( 1985 ) . Salter & A ; Graham ( 1985 ) examined the effects of the bid manner, guided find manner and no direction on scholars skill larning, cognitive acquisition and accomplishment efforts. The consequences showed that although their was grounds that larning occurred utilizing all three manners the students in the guided find and bid manner recorded significantly better cognitive acquisition compared to no direction. For accomplishment efforts nevertheless scholars in the no direction manner made significantly more efforts at the undertaking than scholars in the other manners. The research workers went onto recommend that a longer pattern clip than 20 proceedingss may hold resulted in the guided find holding more skill acquisition, cognitive acquisition and accomplishment efforts as this manner requires longer pattern clip for the full benefits to be witnessed. From my ain experience this is something which I have besides observed as students respond better when they have longer periods of clip to experiment different accomplishment motions. My experience has besides taught me that to increase the pattern clip requires effectual direction bringing which has besides been identified by Cleland & A ; Pearse ( 1995 ) .Decision:In decision several research inquiries have been answered about the generative manners of instruction ; what the effects of the generative manners have on acquisition, how scholars of different ability degree are influenced by different manners, what consequence couplings have on students ability to give effectual feedback, what factors influence scholars determination devising and what consequence the different manners have on scholars ability to larn new cognition. The findings from the productive manner are ; can learners employ critical thought, what is the consequence of productive manners on scholars ability to bring forth divergent motion and how can teachers advance critical thought. The sum of research that is available for the productive manners of learning in limited when compared to the comprehensiveness of research surveies on the generative instruction manners. However, a survey by Cothran et Al. ( 2000 ) has identify that instructors reported utilizing a assortment of manner in their lessons yet merely one productive manner was in the top five manners used. Although it is promoting that instructors report utilizing a assortment these consequences must be interpreted as it suggests that instructors over estimate the assortment of learning manners used therefore impacting the sum of research there is available in relation to the productive manners of learning. Research conducted by Goldberger ( 1992 ) has identified that the ground that may stay unconvinced or unsure of the manners use is because of the deficiency of collateral research on those manners. Therefore farther research is needed into the productive manners of learning to supply instructors with a cognition base on how these manners can be effectual at advancing acquisition.Recommendations:These findings have provided an initial penetration into the usage of learning manners across a theoretically linked spectrum. One noticeable exclusion was that there is struggle within the research findings and non all research workers reported the same findings which identifies that there a re a important sum of variables related to spectrum research and that the variable that is being focused on should be decently investigated by utilizing the right research method. Spectrum research needs to go on as non all findings sing premises associated to the spectrum have non been supported. However, some premises have been confirmed within this survey for illustration the mutual manner does in fact facilitate the proviso of feedback, more so than any another manner and holding scholars chose their spouses based on friendly relationships helps better societal accomplishments ( Byra & A ; Marks, 1993 ) . Other premises like, the ego cheque and inclusion manners are the most effectual at advancing cognitive development and the inclusion manner is most effectual at bettering engagement of low, medium and high ability scholars still needs to be examined. Replication surveies besides need to be conducted in different environments as the research findings and my experience would pro pose that the mutual manner is an effectual manner at advancing feedback. However, would it be as effectual at easing larning with different aged students in different schools where behavior direction has a far greater accent in lessons. After reexamining the appropriate relevant literature and reflecting on my ain personal experiences I feel that the usage of appropriate instruction manners makes an of import part to pupils ‘ larning in Physical Education and should non be left to opportunity. Physical Education can supply students with the chance to believe critically, job solve and to better ain acquisition. Students will be able to believe about what they are making and do determinations independently and cognize when to utilize rules such as stage dancing, games schemes and job resolution. If students are to entree the full National Curriculum for Physical Education ( NCPE ) ( DfEE/QCA, 1999 ) and to accomplish the results of high quality Physical Education ( QCA/DfES, 2005 ) , instructors must use a assortment of appropriate instruction manners to ease the chances that Physical Education offers. It is because of this that both generative and productive instruction manners should be used to heighten acquis ition and motive.

A quick guide to understanding what it takes to be a teacher

A quick guide to understanding what it takes to be a teacher We all remember our favorite teacher in school and how that person has positively affected our lives to this day. Whether it was advice or being that person who just made learning so fun and interesting we just couldn’t wait to get to their class. Teachers are important and they play a big part in our lives.  They help teach, shape and influence the lives of all children. Their drive and skill to help children reach their full potential  are remarkable. Here is a quick guide to help understand how teachers are the teaching heroes of the world.Source [ USC Rossier ]

The immigration report Essays

The immigration report Essays The immigration report Essay The immigration report Essay Homeland Insecurity: How Immigrant Muslims Naturalize America in Islam Immigrants must feel at home not only in the privacy of their own homes but also in the culture of society. (597) The Muslim population is rapidly increasing especially in the western world, from converts to those who originate from Islamic backgrounds. According to the article there are about six million Muslims in the United States of America. However, despite the common misbelieve they have very few things in ommon, one is their religion and two is their experience in a new country. Muslims have different perceptions of how the religion must be practiced, Just as Christians have different perceptions of how to practice, perceive it from Catholicism, Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist etc As we study the religion of Islam we must know that each culture, upbringing and environment plays a huge role in the defiance of their religion and that because it is foreign to us we must not clump it into one category. Unfortunately, it is known for American to base our knowledge on Just about anything on media or shows like Saturday Night live. I believe as a nation we are ignorant and rely on these shows instead of researching various sources such as scholars, books and even make the time to have the opportunity to submerge yourself or expose yourself into what you are in search of. My best friend, llaff is from Morocco. She chose to wear the scarf when she was 17 years old, so she tells me. She states that being a Muslim in the western world is a challenge in itself, specially when someone decided to wear a piece of clothing that can be taken as controversial. She is one of those 6 million Muslims in America that know that their religion is and can be widely misunderstood especially after September 1 1 . I really enjoyed this expert; I believe that it addressed an important issue that America faces, and many times it is not talked about. I think from any standpoint, does not matter what religion we choose, or what background we came from, I know that we can relate to it, if we keep an open mind.

Left Bank Group Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Left Bank Group Analysis - Research Paper Example Likewise, as with many movements, the New Wave movement was something of a conscious rejection with regards to the subject matter, stylistics, self-actualization, and experimentation that seemed to be so devoid in the periods prior to the development and nominal success that the New Wave movement was ultimately able to engender. Furthermore, like so many other artistic movements throughout history, the full scope of the importance contributions that the New Wave movement brought to cinematography filmmaking were of course not realized completely or appreciated accordingly during the time that they were being developed. Nevertheless, although many aspects of the New Wave movement were so experimental that they existed only within the confines of the current time in which they were developed, many of the experimental techniques and new ideas with which these filmmakers sought to integrate continue to have found measurable effect on some talk to the current Europe. Accordingly, this bri ef analysis will seek to understand, identify, and draw inference on the means by which one such group of influential French filmmakers from this New Wave movement contributed to a more complete and nuanced understanding of filmmaking is the hope of this author that such an analysis will engage the reader with the lasting importance that this group of film makers continues to exhibit. As such, the group to be analyzed will be that which was dubbed â€Å"Left Bank†. ... nown, were referred to as the Right Bank; likewise, the group of filmmakers which will be analyzed herein came to be known as the Left Bank (Reeder 63). This was not only a reference to the geographical meaning of where these individuals hailed from within Paris, but also a thinly veiled allusion to the political views espoused by the latter group. One of the greatest differentials came to be seen between the right bank as compared to the Left Bank directors was with regards to the level and approach that these Left Bank directors viewed the relationship between cinema and art. Whereas more traditional numbers of the New Wave movement saw literature and other art forms distinctly separate from cinematography, the Left Bank directors saw them as one and the same attempt to incorporate many of the avant garde and cutting edge techniques and ideas that were being pioneered within the art world within the cinematography that they created (Schwartz 147). However, as much as one might seek to distinguish the Left Bank New Wave filmmakers from their other counterparts within the New Wave movement, the reality of the situation was that they were oftentimes almost identical with regards to the approach to cinematography that they made. In reality, both schools of thought sought integrate a high level of modernism within current cinematography; the only means differential and/or to supreme that existed with regards to this modernism was where the inspiration for it could ultimately be drawn. To the Left Bank filmmakers, this inspiration was available from both existing and previous arts. Regardless of the level to which critics may seek to portray these groups as being in opposition to one another, the fact of the matter is that there was never any ill will between either the

Priorities of the Office of the Mayor of London and the Greater London Essay - 1

Priorities of the Office of the Mayor of London and the Greater London Authority for a sustainable future of Environment - Essay Example In his tenure since 2008, Johnson has managed to create and implement some policies that are aimed at transforming London into one of the greenest and most energy efficient cities in the whole of Europe. Powers and Responsibilities of the GLA and the Mayor The GLA and the Mayor are responsible for matters to do with: housing, learning and skills, planning, waste management, culture, health, climate change and energy as well as water and sanitation. The GLA is responsible for ensuring that every resident of the city of London has access to good quality life. This includes proper and well maintained housing, a clean environment and easy access to public services such as healthcare and education. In its duty to keep the city friendly for its residents, the Mayor and GLA normally ensure that the infrastructure in the area is well planned and that waste is properly managed (Institute for Public Policy Research, 1997). It is also the duty of the authority to ensure that open and public spa ces remain as clean as possible so that the residents can relax comfortably safely. Another important duty of the Greater London Authority and the Mayor is to ensure that the city operates by international environmental standards. This means that the authority is responsible for looking into and tackling any issues regarding climate change and the environment in all corners of the city. ... to ensure that the environmental condition is such that all Londoners live a quality life free of any kind of pollution and irritants that are characteristic of most major cities all across the world (Johnson, 2008). Some of the environmental issues that have plagued the city for a long time include the lack of enough public space, development pressure, air pollution, noise pollution, litter and graffiti. Although the city of London is well known for its greenness, there is a big problem in how Londoners access green spaces for relaxation purposes. Government funding for green spaces and public parks has been on the decline for the last ten or so years and this has led to the depletion of these important resources (Johnson, 2009). Development has also been a big problem to London’s green environment. Pressure for new housing and public infrastructure expansion has seen most of the open green areas being cleared. The loss of green spaces has also led to the loss of wildlife tha t relies of these spaces for survival. Air pollution has also been a big problem for the city for a very long time, but there are measures in place to ensure that the air quality improves. Noise is also blighting many of the city’s beautiful features. Most of this noise comes from the streets and the airports. According to the World Health Organization, at least 25% of London’s population is affected by noise that is way above the organization’s standards (Greater London Authority, 2010). The Mayor’s Vision for a Better Environment In his mayoral campaigns and post-campaign strategies, the mayor laid down his vision for what he considered a better and greener environment. According to Johnson (2008), some of the plans he had for the city include: 1. Greening the city’s streets and

Differences between Race & Gender Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Differences between Race & Gender - Essay Example This paper highlights that Stanton et al describe the way men have mistreated women in the society for so long. Man is said to have never allowed a woman to exercise her rights, deprived her voice before the law, and the woman has been denied right to own property. Stanton et al however condemn these cores of actions and suggests that only God has the sole responsibility of defining the roles and abilities of men and women in the society. â€Å"We insist that they have immediate admission to all the rights and privileges which belong to them as citizens of United States†. This paper declares that Dub Bois talks of seclusion by the society which makes you odd and feel discriminated, he talks of the problem of the twentieth century as the color line. It once dawned on him that he was different from others when a young lady refused to pick a card from him while seated amongst other people. This matter was the first hand experience of Dubois on brutality of discrimination. Meanwhile the women in America underwent lives of suffering struggling with a lot of burdens on their shoulders; â€Å"in all the roles was to seek fulfillment as wives and mothers†.  

Effective Research and Writing Essay Example for Free

Effective Research and Writing Essay To be successful in the new market segment, our team must efficiently accomplish the goals set by the company. A leadership approach for each team member was developed based on the theories of leadership and each members individual personality. Marie and Teresas Personality Assessment Based on the results of the personality assessment, Marie and Teresa possess extroverted, intuitive, feeling, and perceiving attributes (What’s My Jungian 16-Type Personality Self-Assessment,† n.d.). They are people-oriented, creative, and highly optimistic. They are motivated by interactions with people and enjoy a large social circle of acquaintances that require social situations to fuel their energy. Their personalities tend to focus their attention on the big picture rather than the details and prefer to have different options should circumstances change. They respond to the need for urgency to accomplish goals and they value proactivity to become a successful part of the group. Leadership Approaches I plan to lead them by using a democratic and participative style of leadership successfully. I will make sure to involve them in my decision-making process, delegate authority, and encourage their feedback. I will also use a transformational approach because of their need to be connected to their leader and their feeling of reaching their optimal potential in the workplace. Jims Personality Assessment Based on the results of the personality assessment, Jim possesses extroverted, sensing, thinking, and judging attributes (What’s My Jungian 16-Type Personality Self-Assessment, n.d.). He is realistic, logical, analytical, decisive, and has a natural head for business or mechanics. He is also motivated by interactions with people and requires social situations to fuel his energy. His personality tends to focus on the details rather than the big picture and prefers logical considerations over social ones when making decisions. He is a planner and he gains influence through predictability. He focuses on immediate outlooks rather than future possibilities. Leadership Approaches I plan to lead him by using a democratic and participative style of leadership. I will make sure to involve him in my decision making process, delegate authority, and encourage his feedback. I will also use a contingency style of leadership that focuses on task orientation because of his need to organize and run things in a business. His motivation for urgency will be emulated through his realistic expectations and attaining goals based on analytical and decisive approaches. Marys Personality Assessment Based on the results of the personality assessment, Missy possesses extroverted, intuitive, feeling, and judging attributes (What’s My Jungian 16-Type Personality Self-Assessment, n.d.). She is charismatic, compassionate, and highly persuasive. She is also motivated by interactions with people and enjoys a large social circle of acquaintances that requires social situations to fuel her energy. Her personality tends to be more conceptual than practical and she values personal considerations over criteria that are objective. Leadership Approaches I plan to lead her by using a democratic and participative style of leadership. I will make sure to involve her in my decision making process, delegate authority, and encourage her feedback. She tends to plan her activities and possesses outstanding time management skills, so her sense of urgency to complete a task is high. I will also use a charismatic-visionary style of leadership that allows me to articulate the vision and be willing to take risks to achieve it (Robbins Coulter, 2012). Ricks Personality Assessment Based on the results of the personality assessment, Steve possesses introverted, intuitive, thinking, and perceiving attributes (What’s My Jungian 16-Type Personality Self-Assessment, n.d.). He is socially cautious, enjoys problem solving, and is highly conceptual. He prefers interacting with a small group of friends because of his tendency to be quiet and reserved. He is a planner who gains influence through predictability and focuses on future possibilities rather than immediate outlooks. Leadership Approaches I plan to lead him by using a laissez-faire style of leadership because it will allow him to make his own decisions because he has little regard for titles. His tendency to withhold judgment and his delay of making important decisions can create a challenge when deadlines need to be met. His personality prefers to work alone because of his need for independence, so I will be able to manage him effectively when I make sure that his competencies match his interests. By adjusting my leadership style to conform to each member’s personality, I am confident that my team will efficiently accomplish the goals set by the company. Our new department will be effective in the new market segment and fulfill the company’s strategic plan.

Racial Beauty Standards In The Bluest Eye Essay -- Toni Morrison

In Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye, the character Claudia struggles with a beauty standard that harms her sense of self-esteem. Claudia tries to make sense of why the beauty standard does not include black girls. The beauty standard determines that blonde-haired blue-eyed white girls are the image of beauty and therefore they are worthy of not only attention, but are considered valuable to American culture of the 1940s. Thus, learning she has no value or beauty as a black girl, Claudia destroys her white doll in an attempt to understand why white girls are beautiful and subsequently worthy, socially superior members of society. In destroying the doll, Claudia attempts to destroy the beauty standard that works to make her feel socially inferior and ugly because of her skin color. Consequently, Claudia's destruction of the doll works to show how the beauty standard was created to keep black females from feeling valuable by producing a sense of self-hate in black females. The racia l loathing created within black women keeps them as passive objects and, ultimately, leads black women, specifically Pecola, to destroy themselves because they cannot attain the blue eyes of the white beauty standard. Claudia tries to resist loving white girls that her sister, Frieda, and friend, Pecola, admires for their beautiful featuresÂâ€" blonde hair and blue eyes. Claudia does not believe that Frieda and Pecola should admire girls who do not look like them physically. Unable to convince Frieda and Pecola that white girls are not the only standard of beauty, Claudia begins to have intense feelings of resentment and anger toward the white beauty standard: "I couldn't join them in their adoration because I hated Shirley. Not because she was... ...g" that she does not really care for white features and/or white girls but she must pretend to have the same feelings and admiration for whiteness. So why must Claudia pretend to like white girls? Claudia learns it is easier to love the white beauty standard than to fight it because everyone even black women believe in white as the only source of beauty. She cannot fight the whole cultureÂâ€"the media, her sister, her friends, her community and the white community. So Claudia must "convert from pristine sadism to fabricated hatred, to fraudulent love (Morrison 23)." She must fake her love for whiteness in order to survive in the culture; she must learn to hate her self to survive and treat herself as invisible object, rather than the socially recognized white girl. Works Cited Morrison, Toni. The Bluest Eye. Afterward by Toni Morrison. New York: Penguin, 1994.

Developing Yourself as an Effective Human Resources Essay

The Human Resources Profession Map was created by the Chartered Institute of Personnel & Development (CIPD) together with Human Resources (HR) practitioners. The aim was to highlight and explain what HR personnel need to know, do and how to deliver the highest standards of knowledge, skills and behaviour required for growth and success within an organisation. The HR Map is a very important tool to help personnel identify areas that need to be developed within their career. The HR Professional Map is created for any type of organisation (small or large) and is based around areas of professional competencies to help those just starting their careers as well as seasoned professionals. The Map is structured around ten professional areas, eight behaviours and four bands of professional competence. It holds two professional core areas, which are ‘insights, strategy and solutions’ and ‘leading HR’. These areas are essential for any worker who needs to develop skills to the best possible level. Firstly, s/he needs to understand the company’s values and have a thorough knowledge of what the company does. The basics need to be covered before the employee can proceed within the other training and development parts of the profession map. After learning about insights, strategies and solutions, the HR practitioners should be aware of any arising problems that could effect their work place. The knowledge that comes from the gained behavioural skills should be good enough for HR practitioners to be able to come up with solutions and adapt it to new situations, helping an employee gain confidence and become a better leader. Another eight professional areas that professionals need to know are; service delivery and information; organisation design; organisation development;  resourcing and talent planning; learning and talent development; performance and reward; employee engagement and employee relations. The eight behaviours show what kind of attributes HR practitioners should implement, which are; being curious; a decisive thinker; skilled influencer; personally credible; collaborative; driven to deliver; having the courage to challenge and being a role model. All of those areas and behaviours are covered by four bands of competence. Band one would be for beginners who start their career and have a basic understanding of the HR role and band four would be for senior professionals who have the most experience within a company. The key area for me to focus on within my company would be employee engagement at band one of professional competency. For the last six years I have been working at the cinema where I have learnt everything about the company’s values and goals, through starting as a staff-member to becoming a duty-manager. Employee engagement is a very important level of commitment to any company; an engaged employee should always have pride in what s/he does and work hard to achieve success. In order to have motivated and positive staff who deliver outstanding results, I need to know how to communicate, listen, train/coach my team members, setting aspirational targets through meetings, appraisals and one-to-one sessions. I am sent for various training sessions which provides me with the ability to provide the best support and training for my personnel. After observing and listening to my staff I have noticed that people learn in various ways and I need to adopt different methods in training s essions to get the best out of them and to make them feel valued and motivated. ACTIVITY 2 Understanding Customer Needs. It happens very often in my professional role that certain customers come to me asking for some data, advice or requiring assistance. Not so long ago I had three customers simultaneously come to me with individual problems. They were: Staff Member Emma, who wanted to find out how many hours of holiday she earned so far and when would be the best time to book her holidays. Operational Assistant Ben, who wanted me to add the new starters which would  be starting from the beginning of next week to the system and send a ‘new starter form’ to the Head Office HR Manager. General Manager Paul, who asked me to check our monthly payroll which just got sent through and needed to be replied to by the end of the working day. It is essential that I always try to prioritise my tasks according to the customer needs and the impact it would have on the company. At the beginning I told Emma that I was unable to focus on her query at that specific moment, but would make sure that tomorro w I would have more time to talk through her holiday requests. My priority was checking the monthly payroll. The task was set by my General Manager and I had only till the end of the day to check it. I need to have enough time to thoroughly check the payroll as if there are any mistakes I need to create a report with all the faults found and send it to the HR manager to investigate. Adding new staff to the system was my second priority. The staff’s data did not go live until the week after and therefore was lacking any real pressure in terms of time, and the system we use is simple and straight-forward. Nevertheless, it took priority over Emma in case there were mistakes that would later delay this important and timely process. As stated, Emma was my last priority because her query was not as pressing as the previous two. However, I still made her feel important and valued by informing her that I would have everything ready for the meeting the next day. Effective Communication Effective communication is important in every work place. It is essential for employees to build the appropriate level of trust and understanding, to help create strong working relationships and therefore solve any arising problems with more ease. The three most common ways to communicate in my company are: Face to face. The most efficient and common within my role, it is used when I want to delegate jobs to staff members, within team meetings etc. This type of communication cannot be ignored and is particularly successful in motivating staff to do their jobs effectively. Although sometimes face-to-face can be difficult and cause problems; when dealing with a difficult situation it is sometimes hard to stay calm or always see eye-to-eye. Emotions can become visible which may cloud communication and further exasperate an event. E-mails. These are used on a regular basis. Most contact with external customers is through e-mail and so we need to make sure they are always answered swiftly. They are easy, effectively free and a very fast form of communication. For my internal customers I use an e-mail service for sending out rotas and other staff requests, therefore it is important to check it daily. Unfortunately, sometimes e-mails may be misread and people could feel offended by its content due to miscommunication. Also, some messages may be misplaced and sent to a customer’s ‘spam’ folder and therefore treated as unsent and ignored, causing negative experiences. Feedback Forms. A very popular method that is used for one-to-one meetings, probation reviews and appraisals. These forms provide to customers a clear and concise outline of their positive/negative behaviour, and acknowledge, with their line manager, what kind of changes need to be made, creating a clear plan that could help with their development. Feedback can also help staff feel appreciated and increase their self-esteem. A disadvantage of feedback forms may be the subjective nature of feedback (as anyone within the management team can choose to provide a form without first going through any procedures or checks) leaving open the possibility of personal opinions clashing with a customer’s work ethic. Effective Service Delivery To be able to meet all customer needs the company should have an effective service delivery. Good working relationships and team work should be key to creating a good service delivery for our customers. Everyday I have to deliver satisfactory service on time. Whether it is with our external customers by replying to their e-mails or phone calls on a daily basis or for my internal customers when writing rotas and meeting deadlines set by Management or Head Office. It is essential for a HR practitioner to be able to deliver a service within a timely manner because that will help build trust with customers. Delivering a service on budget is essential in my work place as I have to deal with it on a daily basis. I am mostly responsible for payroll and, within my company, payroll is the biggest controlling cost. Every week we have to schedule staff according to expected business levels. On top of this, everyday we have to control our forecast and act accordingly to set hours, which may incl ude sending staff home when it is quiet or  calling more people in when it is busy. Dealing with difficult customers and handling complaints is not easy, especially external ones. Whenever I have to deal with one I am always focused, listen to the person’s complaint, apologise for the problem and try to explain why certain situation have happened. I’m always trying to put myself in their position and empathise with them. Sometimes just explaining things may resolve the problem because a customer may not understand something, be confused or simply be agitated and in need of assistance. I asses the situation and decide how best to resolve it (whether with a mere apology or free guest passes etc). If the customer is still not happy with the outcome and would like the complaint to go further, I pass the situation onto head office to be dealt with more formally. When handling and resolving complains it is important to stay calm, communicate and be aware how serious the complaint is. Sometimes is okay to to resolve it in an informal one-to-one meeting but if it’s something serious like Gross Misconduct, then the complaint must be dealt with form ally which could result in dismissal. Looking at the Associate Membership criteria I would need to develop ‘practical and technical HR knowledge’ and ‘collating, analysing and interpreting data’. These two areas stand out the most from the associated membership criteria because I know I could develop these skills better throughout my personal development plan and become a more skilled HR practitioner. Learning more about practical and technical HR knowledge will expand my awareness and make me a more rounded, proficient professional. And learning how to properly collate, analyse and interpret data is something I have yet to really learn and so will give me a crucial grounding for further development. In order to be able to grow within developing practical and technical HR knowledge I would have to gain a lot of experience by shadowing my HR manager and fellow colleagues. In my organisation it is very important to know as much as possible about the human resources department because we do not hav e many people on site with HR skills. After learning about HR development I could focus on one or two key areas, such as disciplinary procedures or maternity leave, which would add key areas of knowledge to my  current HR capabilities. I believe that developing yourself practically and technically is essential for an individual who wants to become a good HR practitioner within his/her company as this is a core grounding to any career in HR. Collating, analysing and interpreting data is connected to developing practical and technical knowledge within my HR area. By getting support from my line managers I can be trained in creating weekly analyses of all payroll reports such as sickness submissions, lateness tracker and breaks. That skill would teach me how to work on our workforce payroll and I would get to know the rules and disciplinary procedures. With that in mind, I would be able to implement visible data and make staff responsible for their absences. Continuous Professional Development (CPD) is a â€Å"combination of approaches, ideas and techniques that will help you manage your own learning and growth†, focusing â€Å"firmly on results – the benefits that professional development can bring you in the real world† (CIPD website). It can be defined as a life-long learning project that describes the actions of an individual professional who is continuously planning, managing, reviewing and developing his/her skills within their professional or private life. The main aspect of CPD is the Personal Development Plan (PDP) which is structured to help and support individuals to be able to plan and organise their objectives or values in their personal or career development. It identifies what skills and knowledge you need to develop to progress further. I believe that CPD is important to me and my organisation because it gives me and my employer a chance to grow and progress within my career. It sets clear objectives and provides an opportunity to widen any knowledge and skills which are important to succeed within the organisation. By planning my PDP I am able to understand my strengths and weaknesses and learn how to improve them day by day. It keeps me interested therefore I feel motivated and positive. The company can also benefit from having the structure of CPD in place as it helps the company move forward by having motivated and happy personnel, as well as better working relationships due to managers spending more time with staff through one-to-one meetings and appraisals. The two options that I chose from my personal development plan are having practical and technical HR knowledge and completion of my CIPD course. Personally, advantages of having practical and technical HR knowledge would be the ability to implement my new skills on site and be able to use more of my own initiative on day to day basis. By shadowing my HR manager and having support from my head office team I would be able to learn about all procedures very quickly. In having those skills I would know how to run the HR department and by doing so I would be very well prepared for HR audits. The only disadvantage for this area would be time organisation, in making sure I can travel to London (and therefore needing cover) and that my HR manager has time to coach me, although this would only be for a set amount of time. The reason why I chose to study an online CIPD course is because I wanted to get my qualification while I was still working a full-time job. It provides great flexibility and no daily travel saves a lot of time and money. I find studying online is less stressful than face-to-face college as it allows me to work within my on surroundings and at a pace I am comfortable with. All lessons are available via a website and the tutors are always quick in responding to e-mails. A disadvantage to studying online is the lack of visible pressure from tutors to push me to work between my regular weekly shifts at work, although this at least helps improve my self-motivational skills.