History of Rockets and Space Travel Innovations

The evolution of the rocket has made it an indispensable tool in the exploration of space. For centuries, rockets have provided ceremonial and warfare uses starting with the ancient Chinese, the first to create rockets. The rocket apparently made its debut on the pages of history as a fire arrow used by the Chin Tartars in 1232 AD for fighting off a Mongol assault on Kai-feng-fu. The lineage to the immensely larger rockets now used as space launch vehicles is unmistakable. But for centuries rockets were in the main rather small, and their use was confined principally to weaponry, the projection of lifelines in sea rescue, signaling, and fireworks displays. Not until the 20th century did a clear understanding of the principles of rockets emerge, and only then did the technology of large rockets begin to evolve. Thus, as far as spaceflight and space science are concerned, the story of rockets up to the beginning of the 20th century was largely a prologue. Early Experiments All through the 13th to the 18th ​Century, there were reports of many rocket experiments. For example, Joanes de Fontana of Italy designed a surface-running rocket-powered torpedo for setting enemy ships on fire. In 1650, a Polish artillery expert, Kazimierz Siemienowicz, published a series of drawings for a staged rocket. In 1696, Robert Anderson, an Englishman, published a two-part treatise on how to make rocket molds, prepare the propellants, and perform the calculations. Sir William Congreve During the early introduction of rockets to Europe, they were used only as weapons. Enemy troops in India repulsed the British with rockets. Later in Britain, Sir William Congreve developed a rocket that could fire to about 9,000 feet. The British fired Congreve rockets against the United States in the War of 1812. Francis Scott Key coined the phrase the rockets red glare after the British fired Congreve rockets against the United States. William Congreves incendiary rocket used black powder, an iron case, and a 16-foot guide stick. Congreve had used a 16-foot guide stick to help stabilize his rocket. William Hale, another British inventor, invented the stickless rocket in 1846. The U.S. army used the Hale rocket more than 100 years ago in the war with Mexico. Rockets were also used to a limited extent in the Civil War. During the 19th century, rocket enthusiasts and inventors began to appear in almost every country. Some people thought these early rocket pioneers were geniuses, and others thought they were crazy. Claude Ruggieri, an Italian living in Paris, apparently rocketed small animals into space as early as 1806. The payloads were recovered by parachute. As far back as 1821, sailors hunted whales using rocket-propelled harpoons. These rocket harpoons were launched from a shoulder-held tube equipped with a circular blast shield. Reaching for the Stars By the end of the 19th century, soldiers, sailors, practical and not so practical inventors had developed a stake in rocketry. Skillful theorists, like Konstantian Tsiolkovsky in Russia, were examining the fundamental scientific theories behind rocketry. They were beginning to consider the possibility of space travel. Four persons were particularly significant in the transition from the small rockets of the 19th century to the colossi of the space age: Konstantin Tsiolkovsky in Russia, Robert Goddard in the United States, and Hermann Oberth and Wernher von Braun in Germany. Rocket Staging and Technology Early rockets had a single engine, on which it rose until it ran out of fuel. A better way to achieve great speed, however, is to place a small rocket on top of a big one and fire it after the first has burned out. The US army, which after the war used captured V-2s for experimental flights into the high atmosphere, replaced the payload with another rocket, in this case, a WAC Corporal, which was launched from the top of the orbit. Now the burned-out V-2, weighing 3 tons, could be dropped and using the smaller rocket, the payload reached a much higher altitude. Today of course almost every space rocket uses several stages, dropping each empty burned-out stage and continuing with a smaller and lighter booster. Explorer 1, the first artificial satellite of the US which was launched in January 1958, used a 4-stage rocket. Even the space shuttle uses two large solid-fuel boosters which are dropped after they burn out. Chinese Fireworks Developed in the second century BCE, by the ancient Chinese,  fireworks  are the oldest form of rockets and the most simplistic model of a rocket. Preluding the liquid-fueled rocket,  solid propellant  rockets began with contributions to the field by such scientists as Zasiadko, Constantinov, and Congreve. Although currently in a further advanced state, solid propellant rockets remain in widespread use today, as seen in rockets including the Space Shuttle dual booster engines and the Delta series booster stages.  Liquid fueled  rockets were first theorized by Tsiolkozski in 1896.

The Character of Daisy in Henry James Daisy Miller Essay

What is the purpose of Daisy in the novel Daisy Miller by Henry James? Why did James create such a beguiling and bewildering character? Since the publication of Jamess novel in 1878, Daisy has worn several labels, among them flirt, innocent, and American Girl. Daisys representation of an American Girl of the late 19th century is evident. Her free-spiritedness and individuality reflect the social movement of the American middle-class. The question of Daisys innocence, however, remains unanswered. One of the most interesting aspects about Daisy is her distance from the reader. The reader is not given access to Daisys inner thoughts or emotions. Instead, the reader must observe Daisy through the limited perception†¦show more content†¦Henry Jamess Daisy, however, is a free-spirited individual who ignores class structures and customary behavior...treating all she meets as equal human beings (Hocks 33). At first Winterbourne is enchanted by Daisys freshness and spontanei ty. But eventually, under his aunts influence, he begins to turn away from Daisy and the freedom she offers. He vacillates from thinking of her as pretty and charming to regarding her, as his aunt does, as common and rather wild (James 461). One reason for Winterbournes changing opinions about Daisy is that she associates with people of lower classes. She talks to chambermaids and couriers, for instance. But most damning is her friendship with the Italian music-master, Mr. Giovanelli, who is socially unacceptable to Winterbourne and his aunt. Daisys close friendship with Giovanelli lessens her chances of being accepted by Mrs. Costello and her contemporaries. Daisys relationship with Giovanelli leads to Winterbournes conviction that she is wanting in a certain indispensable delicacy (James 477). Thus, in Winterbournes eyes, Daisy is not worthy of his respect. Another way in which Daisys free-spiritedness fails to change Winterbourne is that it threatens his masculinity. 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Essentially, one does not believe one knows everything and one has a healthy level of curiosityRead MorePoint Of View Of Daisy Miller1060 Words   |  5 PagesJuly 2017 Daisy Miller As the Civil War gave way to industrialization in the Gilded Age, many Americans took advantage of the shortened travel time across the Atlantic Ocean in record numbers. This new postwar era of wealthy Americans could afford traveling back and forth to Europe. Americans not only became more increasingly exposed to European culture, but they also opened the eyes of many Europeans to the new fundamental ideals of the New World. 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Those famous authors like Mark Twain and Henry James wrote down social and psychological transformations bring out in the nation by creating removed, impartial status of daily life. In order to bring readers to be fascinated and thoughtful by their novels and to depict their character and the reader’s setting to life, Mark Twain in the adventures of Huckleberry Finn an d Henry James showed the reality of life in his story Daisy Miller. There are two main part of realism definitions helpRead More The Quintessential American Woman Essay904 Words   |  4 Pagesfascinated many authors, including Henry James. To express his enthrallment, James employed his literary talent to create Daisy Miller. Daisy exudes the vast depth of the entity of the American woman, which originally captured James’ attention. John Hay, a contemporary observer of American manners and mores stated of the American woman, â€Å"Her conduct is without blemish, according to the rural American standard, and she knows no other† (qtd. in Fogel 52). James’s Daisy Miller depicts the innocence of theRead More The Innocence of Daisy Miller Essay1001 Words   |  5 Pages In 1878, Henry James wrote, Daisy Miller, a novella about a young American girl and her travels in Europe. Daisy Miller is a complex short story with many underlying themes such as appearance versu s reality, knowledge versus innocence, outward action versus inward meditation, and Nature versus urbanity. In this short story, one is left to judge whether Daisy Miller, the main character of the story, is â€Å"a pretty American flirt† or a misunderstood, modern young woman. By probing into the complexitiesRead MoreDaisy Miller by Henry James938 Words   |  4 Pageswhat Daisy Miller is about. The characters that Henry James writes about in Daisy Miller come across as being innocent, free, and fresh. This can only be said for the American characters. There were always sentences that make Europeans seem like they are snobby and corrupt. There is that little hint of sophistication. One would assume that this comes with the territory. When Daisy and her family are in Europe, they represent the New World element in the Old World. The protagonist, Daisy Miller, isRead MoreLiterature During The Civil War And The Yellow Wall Paper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman865 Words   |  4 Pagesduring this time period are â€Å"Daisy Miller† by Henry James and â€Å"The Yellow Wall-Paper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman†. Both of these works have elements of realism, however, â€Å"The Yellow Wall-Paper† is more effective in utilizing elements of realism than â€Å"Daisy Miller†. Realism, according to Howells, is ordinary (Norton Anthology 548). It portrays the story as close to the reality of ordinary people’s lives as possible (Norton Anthology 548). Instead of making the characters, storylines, and settingsRead MoreLiterary Realism : A Movement1602 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature II 11 October 2015 Literary Realism Realism was a movement in literature that followed Romanticism. In sharp contrast to Romanticism, everyday things characterized the writing of this time period. The use of authentic settings, relatable characters, and plotlines made realism what it was. In order to support the goals of these works, authors, for the first time, created stories that truly represented class and gender. The topics of class and money often appeared in these works. The peopleRead MoreCharles Darwin And His Theory Of Evolution1248 Words   |  5 PagesRealism would focus on characters and setting more than plot or ideas. Particularly the author describes their characters, their actions, their emotions and surroundings as close to reality as possible. The characters are not perfectly good or completely evil; they exhibit strengths and weaknesses. The characters often commit crimes or do immoral things, and are not judged accordingly. Among the early American Realist authors who held such practices were Mar k Twain and Henry James. Although their individual

Chinese Market Attractive to Uber-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.What made the Chinese market attractive to Uber? Do you believe that Uber can succeed in the Chinese Market?. 2.What market forces did Uber China fail to identify, underestimate or consider in relation to its market entry?. 3.What positioning and customer acquisition program the company could have pursued? Do you believe that Uber could have succeeded? Why? Answers: 1.China had almost 750 million urban commuters which made it the largest consumer market in the world, roughly 5 times that of the size of the 150 million US commuter market. At the same time, Chinese car ownership was extremely low; it had 69 cars for 1000 people. Moreover there was a short supply of taxi services in China and low fares were paid to the taxi drivers. Adding to the agony, the entire population relied heavily on buses, metro and other such means of transport for commuting. All these features made the market extremely attractive for Uber to foray in the Chinese market. As the market held limitless opportunity to gain riders and offer ride sharing and online Chauffeuring service to the commuters. Uber then finally launched in the year 2013 with Uber Black, the company did not achieve much success initially because people perceived that the fares were too high. Therefore when the company moved to other cities it went forward with Uber X, the low cost ride services. Uber also launched the service Uber people to penetrate in the market; it was not for profit ride hailing services with the fare being calculated according to the ownership and the operating cost of the vehicles. The company at the same time spent around $ 2 Billion towards the promotion and it benefited all the stakeholders (Uber, drivers riders). In the bid to dominate the market, company faced stiff competition from Didi Chuxing and Yideo, and by 2015 the company had a total market capitalization worth $ 8 billion. At last in the year 2016 Uber in a share swap deal sold its business and operation to Didi. The move was right as it was really difficult for Uber to keep on competing in a price sensitive market with deep pocket players. The company did everything to capture the market; however its positioning flaw led company to sell off its business. 2.Uber entered the Chinese market in the year 2013; a year after DIdi entered the market. The company went with the vision to apply the model which made it highly successful in the US market. However the company did not anticipate the challenges in doing so and hence had to sell off its business in the year 2016 to Didi. Company failed to perform at many front; the first one being the companys first offering to the Chinese market was Uber Black. Uber Black in itself was an expensive service and because of the model the fare exceeded the prevalent taxi fares (Rivas, 2017) Another factor which the company failed to comprehend was the market dominance of Didi and Yidao; these two players had a market capitalization of over 89 percent and also had created a strong brand identity for itself. At the time Uber reached a market valuation of $ 8 billion, Didi had already captured 10 million trips per days and boosted revenue of $ 36 Billion. Hence it can be said that Didi Chuxing had already created market dominance and being a Chinese company the government regulations were limited and the company could overlook them. Uber on the other hand was caught up in a lot of legal matters in China and paid huge sum in fines, further reducing its investment power. Yidao on the other hand was offering customized chauffeuring services and did not compete on price, hence its market and business model was entire different than that of Uber and Didi(Hook, 2016) Further Uber partnered with Baidu, the largest search company which helped Uber in the map services and the GPS system; on the other hand Didi took advantage of the other leading player in the market Tencent and used its services for Maps and paying bills. We Chat was the largest messaging service in China and company took full advantage of it and We Chat helped the company in mass penetration. Uber tried to pull off every trick possible out if its hat, but all the efforts of the company went into vain. Uber came up with a great promotion strategy, it offered subsidized ride fares to drivers riders, but the feature was taken for a ride in the way drivers and riders created fake accounts to take leverage of the promotional scheme. Uber further came with green hybrid cars to provide environmental friendly services to the Chinese market, but it also failed miserably. The company after spending $ 2 billion out of the $ 13 billion it had raised globally decided to shut down its business, it was a right call which the company made (Wirtz Tang, 2016) 3.Uber forayed in the Chinese market with much fanfare in the year 2013, a time which was right for Uber to enter the market because of the lack of taxi hiring service and no structure in the way taxi market operated. There was less intervention from the government and the company was under the assumption that it could replicate its earlier successful business model in China. However, it was just a dream which did not turned into a reality (Manjoo, 2014). A 5 why analysis will help us gain further insight into cutting quickly into the symptoms of the problem and help in dealing with them once for all. It can also be used for troubleshooting, quality improvement and problem solving. 5 Whys can help in getting the company to focus on one single track or very few tracks to effectively tackle a problem. The model provision a very simple 7 step process to define the 5 whys in the framework Assemble the team Define the problem Addressing the first why-Why the company is facing problem in the Chinese market- The company is facing problem in the Chinese market due to the fierce competition it is facing at the hands of Didi, also its inefficiency to combat the challenges posed by other players. Another reason for facing the problem is because of its credit card payment system. Asking Why four more times- Other reason why the company could not fare well in the Chinese market were: Not relying on the services of the local people and local authorities, the company completely went forward with its own model of working. This did not go down well with the local people of China, leading to strong resentment from the local authorities. Uber did not find local partners to help the company in establishing the business create a momentum and gain market dominance. The biggest mistake the company made was competing in the Chinese market on Price. Price wars in the past in China have never gone down well. Several of the failing international companies are; Amazon Google. The company was a little late in its entry in the Chinese market, and the biggest reason why the company failed was, not having a fair understanding of the Chinese market(Rogers, 2015) Step 5- Knowing when to stop asking the why- The reason being because after asking the same question 4 times earlier, the reasons are repeating and thus does not solve a purpose. Addressing the root cause- The root cause which I believe was the biggest roadblock in its way of success in the Chinese market can be unable to make a connect with the local people, in acceptance of local culture and not being in a position to create a formidable partnership with the local players. Monitor the measures-In this case, the measure cannot be monitored because the company sold its business to Didi in a share deal and also gained a significant share in Lyft, another ride service company of China. In my opinion, if Uber would have followed the below mentioned strategy the company could have succeeded: Competing on providing great customer service and exceed the expectation of the Chinese customers. Bring a disruption in the Chinese market by raising the envelope of its service offering would have put company in a great position. China had a culture of paying in cash; on the other hand Uber went ahead with paying through credit card services, another reason why the company could not succeed in the China market. Partnering with the local taxi providers and drivers, as this would help the drivers to not live in a fear of losing a job and they would have gained after coming under the Umbrella of the Uber brand. The company however did not give much heads to the needs of the local people, local culture and forgo the local partnership, needless to say if all this would have been done the fate of Uber could have swung in some other direction. References Hook, L., 2016. Ubers battle for China.Financial Times. https://ig. ft. com/sites/uber-in-china/(21.04. 2017). Manjoo, F., 2014. With Uber, less reason to own a car.New York Times, pp.1-4. Rivas, R., 2017. Is Co-Operation the Opposite of Competition?: Two Sides of the Same Coin. Rogers, B., 2015. The social costs of Uber.U. Chi. L. Rev. Dialogue,82, p.85. Wirtz, J. and Tang, C., 2016. Uber: Competing as market leader in the US versus being a distant second in China.SERVICES MARKETING: People Technology Strategy, pp.626-632

Uncle Vanya Monologue Essay Paper Example For Students

Uncle Vanya Monologue Essay Paper A monologue from the play by Anton Chekhov NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from The Moscow Arts Theatre Series of Plays. Ed. Oliver M. Sayler. New York: Brentanos, 1922. ASTROFF: Yes, ten years have made another man of me. And why? Because I am overworked. Nurse, I am on my feet from morning until evening. I know no rest at all: at night I shake under my bedclothes for fear I\ll be dragged out to visit some sick people. Ever since I\ve known you, I haven\t had a single carefree day. How could I help growing old? Life is tedious, anyhow; it is a senseless, dirty business, and drags heavily. Every one in this neighborhood is silly, and after you live with them for two or three years you grow silly yourself. It is inevitable. See what a long moustache I have grown. A silly, long moustache. Yes, I am as silly as all the others, nurse, but not as stupid; no I have not grown stupid. Thank God, my brain is not muddled yet, though my feelings have grown dull. I ask for nothing, I need nothing, I love no one, except yourself alone. When I was a child, I had a nurse just like you. During the third week of Lent, an epidemic of eruptive typhoid broke out at M alitskoi, and I was called there. The peasants were all stretched side by side in their huts, and the calves and pigs were running about the floor among the sick. How filthy it was, and such smoke! Beyond words! I slaved among those people all day. I hadn\t a crumb to eat. But when I got home there was still no rest for me: a switchman was carried in from the railroad; I laid him on the operating table and he died in my arms under the chloroform. And then although my feelings should have been deadened, they rose again; my conscience tortured me as if I had murdered him. I sat down and shut my eyeslike thisand thought: will our descendants two hundred years from to-day, for whom we are breaking the path, remember us in a kindly spirit? No, nurse, they will forget. We will write a custom essay on Uncle Vanya Monologue Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now