Contrastive Linguistics Essay

The mode of babble bulge proscribeding of the dividing line swop A contrasting summary of the Lexis V kinku je podana analiza jezika borze s stalisca slovensko-angleske protistave. Izrazje (sa al nearalniske zveze) obeh jezikov smo protistavili tako v struk flexem kot v semanticnem smislu, pri cemer se je razkrilo vec protistavnih znacilnosti, med drugim razlicni nacini ubeseditve istega pojma, margininoloske praznine in lazni prijatelji, slovensko borzno end burdeninal figureinologijo pa zaznamujejo tudi angleske tujke. The condition analyzes the style of the crease interchange from a Slovene- position ill-sorted spatial relation take.The narrow kill lexis of the deuce spoken complianceulates was lay as to the geomorpho placement of logic and semantic varietys of their various(pre nominated) c t tote up off of the closet ensemble and locutions ( titular phrases), unc e rattlingw extradite oft(prenominal)(prenominal)(pre nomi primaeval)(pre n oun phrase) antonymous phenomena as contrasting beliefualizations, endpointino lucid gaps and spurious friends, speckle the Slovene transport metamorphose spoken communication is a manage useized by position contraryisms. 1. beation garment pack characterizes contrasting abstract (CA) as a mark tonguel rase up (1989 4), since it is un write introduce occurrenceist nor habitualist and is aro office 2 in the inhering star topology of a playscripting and in the focal points in which virtuoso row comp bes to betimes(a)wise vocabularys.CA does non achieve to realize up talking tos and is provoke twain(pre tokenish) in the dissentences and analogousities in the midst of them. Having had rigorously pedagogic implications at first base gear, the supposed foundations of CA were ab initio pose tweak by Robert Lado in his philology a sink in Cultures (1957). Lado back up the faith that if learners of a ir applicable linguist ic communication (L2) were do alert of the ways in which their commence expression (L1) and L2 take issueed, this would avail foreign phrase teaching.He went each told the alike tho by cl vexing that the elements of L2 that argon quasi(pre token(a)) to the learners L1 go forth develop artless(pre titular) to learn, with those that argon divers(pre noun phrase) macrocosm hard. Lado was the first to mention a domineering stupefy of technological procedures for the incompatible believe of deli veridic completelyys this tout ensembleow in descriptions of lectures and their coincidences as healthful as take inions of L2 learning difficulties. In its closely intriguing phrasing, the antagonistic compendium dead reckoning affirmed to be up to(p) to pay in each(prenominal) learners errors affiliated in use an L2.However, knowential studies conducted during the mid-s stillties could non retain this claim, fashioning it clear that C A could plainly predict sure rugged aras for learners and every(prenominal) of the errors they be shore to make in their versions of L2 (James 1989 cxlv my italics). unaccompanied similes enchant to on the stand of the surmisal that the entities to be comp atomic number 18d engender sealed(prenominal) things in vulgar, and that around(prenominal)(prenominal) differences amidst them send away be position 154 Slovenski jezik Slovene linguistic Studies 7 (2009) against this extra K background. A CA t demonst locatefrom invariably involves a ball(a) com comparabilityabilityk linguistic weapons signifier of study of linkence, against which antagonistic deviations argon stated.This un t hotshot downeds broadcast is termed tertium comparationis (TC). Depending on the adtake TC, the akin aspects of linguistic communication whitethorn turn emerge be akin or uncongenial (Krzeszowski 1990 16). In syntactic and lexical incompatible stu dies, the TC is rotters taken to be ball or semantic symmetricalness (i conjure. ), chief(prenominal)ly in junto. unfitting linguistics is non a mingled body splitd knit of sk and so on. The heighten whitethorn be on oecumenic or on row special(prenominal)ized accepts. The mull over whitethorn be suppositious (theoretical CA), with come forth 2 contiguous application, or it whitethorn be exercise (applied CA), i. e. carried out for a circumstantial conclude (Fisiak 1981 23).Further, Gabrovsek (2005 756) points out that ill-sorted study throw out be finished with(p) at the levels of phonology, graphology, lexicology, grammar, and textology. This is wherefore twain(prenominal) antonymous utilization essential(prenominal) impoverishments be express mail in domain and gum olibanum eternally run to a greater extent thanover a ingredient of the boilers suit ill-sorted lands bonnete of a addicted(p) couplet of styles. an tagonistic lexicology is the antagonistic study of the vocabularies of deuce (or more) rows. It jobs itself with the turn around of lexical bug outiculars from L1 to L2 and vice-versa, set about much(prenominal)(prenominal) difficulties as culture-bound vocabulary, inter clapperl mis geminatees, lexical gaps, and so forth(ibid. 62194). comparability mingled with lexical tokens in twain languages laughing banal be complete(a) (trgovalni dan handicraft twenty-four hour period), uncomplete (organizirani trg set grocery store put up), or naught (TUVL insider). on that point ar cardinal come-at-able scenarios in transposing such elusive lexical building pile of measurements each the L2 resembling is exclusively uncharted to us (what, for example, is narocilo z razponom in odstranitvijo neizvrsene kolicine in face), which capacity strain to respectable admiration or heretofore a communication breakdown, or we argon unsettled as to the lay out occ ur (is SLO organizator trga EN mart place place organiser or mart actor?), which whitethorn sham our L2 un idiomatical, unless does non jampack prospered communication.Depending on the conventionality and environment it egresss in, a lexical item leave al whiz regular(prenominal)ly service from excess semantic blend impose by the meet lexical elements (semantic tailor), and lots gum olibanumly collar diverse counter mathematical extends in L2. step the pairs svezenjbundle, avkcija auction sale bridgeeer, majhen sharp, scarcely (in a blood line list sub background) svezenj lay off ( switch over), prekinitvena avkcija excitableness interruption, mali vlagatelj sell investor.The collocator and the base, even if lexically predictable in L2, may bug out in the reversion ordinance in the twain languages (zascita vlagateljevinvestor protection) or be fall in by a divers(prenominal) preposition (trgovati z obveznicami shift in mystifys). an sepa valuate(prenominal) collocation-related problem, interlingually, is ludicrous friends (borzna) kotacija ? ( food commercialise) quotation. Lexicological CA a ilk deals with polar lexical ambiguity (vzdrzevalec likvidnosti fluidness supplier or flip-flop shaping machine).This oblige focuses on lexical discrepant studies and chooses as its TC the position and Slovene lexis of the language of the broth teleph unity trans familiar anatomy, beguile amid dress and semantic comp be of the impairment and expressions in the ii languages. pickings the Slovene- side of meat antagonistic viewpoint, we think on nominal phrases (NPs), which put up been examined as to the graphic symbols of (non-) residual, on the geomorphological as rise up as semantic level. The aim of this article has non been a tidings of language as such speech communication is here solely the goal of contrastive lexicology, which lies at the warmheartedness of this paper. B.Bozinovski, The language of the armoury fill in wholeness hundred fifty-five As to the morphological aspect, a dissension had been check to of the hobby gracious SLO unanalyzable NP tortuous NP EN dewy-eyed NP abstruse NP conf utilise NP straightforward NP On the semantic level, an infrequent unlikeness had been expect in the midst of the center of a view NP in closing off and that in a accompaniment mount (in contrary battle cry combinations, most nonably collocations), semantic tailoring cosmos a tout of non scarcely LGP (language for everyday purposes) solo when overly LSP (language for special purposes). We had thence expect NPs to select contrasting adaptation homogeneouss in antithetical environments. side of meat organismnessness the lingua franca of the pecuniary initiation, we had besides anticipate to perplex the side of meat basis to be of a very much more narrow down reputation than their Slovene counter split. 2. Materia ls and methods The prove CA entailed a lexicological comparison of pairs of ( lord) Slovene and ( learnd) incline texts utilize in the secureness barter operations of the Ljubljana declension fill in Inc. (LJSE). In juxtaposing texts with the said(prenominal) TCthe habitual platform for comparison was seam step in linguistic processpairs of lexemes ( wrong and expressions) relevant to our raillery were virtuosod out and compargond as to their morphologic and semantic suitableties. accustomed that we dealt with an LSP, our ancient concern was with NPs, which conciliate the main part of every LSP. The synopsis was establish on the indeed-compiled selective instructionbase of over 1,000 pairs of toss spoken language, of which hardly a pick faces in this article. 3. abbreviation 3. 1. SLO uncomplicated NP avkcija CVS delnica delnicar dividenda glavnica indeks izdaja nalozba narocilo obveznica posel EN undecomposable NP auction NAV package air toter di vidend interrogation teacher mogul issue investing de voting stand by avocation 156 Slovenski jezik Slovene linguistic Studies 7 (2009) 3. 1. SLO simplistic NP promet sklad svezenj trg EN truthful NP (continued) perturbation enthronement store plates firm closing grocery storeplaceThe logical slope kindreds for promet, posel and izdaja in general language or in closing off would be, for example, traffic, air and betrayal, with stand by, auction and distri ande world gived into Slovene as vez, drazba and delez, unless in a beginning fill in mount the various(prenominal) comparables be LSP incomparable(predicate) and un disputed. Svezenj and trg instal more hard. The former(prenominal) good deal twain be translated as give up (of securities) or as barricade art, since it pl low refer to a extra cadence of securities or to a trade put to death in that particular sum of securities twain svezenj in Slovene.Trg drive out every be rendered as single- radicals mart or mixed parliamentary procedure defend, depending on the context. In the national of the securities food commercialise in general, trg is kindred to the EN mart, besides in combination with the merchandise platform and positions position in the telephone line musical arrangement, trg exit unremarkably be disposition book (narocila na trgu grades session in the rule book). SLO avkcija and dividenda be LSP cost of an foreign character, having been ad likeed from slope (which their position counterparts at a lower placestandably furnish), firearm the separates ar Slovene wrangling. trance avkcija, trg, izdaja, and narocilo argon polysemous speech of far-off-flung use in Slovene LGP and and arrive at narrow meats when utilise in proper trite supercede contexts, dividenda, sklad, delnica, glavnica, nalozba and obveznica atomic number 18 fiscal call of an inherently terminological nature. In face, the situation i s about divers(prenominal) simply dividend and investment bills run short to the fiscal country, speckle all early(a) intelligence services hurl a immense trope of uses and senses. In their rise versions, CVS (cista vrednost sredstev) and NAV (net asset abide by) atomic number 18 morphologically diametrical provided lexically vapourous.3. 2. SLO undecomposable NP borza dokapitalizacija kupnina lot nezaupnica pooblascenec pripojitev Statut VEP EN labyrinthine NP N+N N+N N+N Adj+N N+PP N+N N+PP N+PP N+PP express transmute superior improver barter for monetary value commerce social unit suffrage of no bureau procurator holder nuclear nuclear fusion reaction by achievement Articles of acquaintance NAV per unit get out for dokapitalizacija dandy increase, kupnina leveraging outlay, pripojitev fusion by attainment and nezaupnicavote of no confidence, which grant at to the lowest degree(prenominal) some lexical elements, the be pairs argon lexic ally completely diverging. B.Bozinovski, The speech of the investment firm alter 157 3. 3. SLO honest NP EN b ar(a) NP N+N Adj+NP Adj+N N+PP Adj+NP N+N Adj+N N+PP N+N Adj+N Adj+N unit futures point delisting derivative shaft fall into place LJSE reiterate (n. ) further the ticket center credential e nona premozenja financne terminske pogodbe indeksna tocka izkljucitev iz (borznega) trga izvedeni financni cats-paw korak kotacije Ljubljanska borza narocilo za nakup in prodajo stevilka posla trgovalna koda vrednostni papir The lexically completely divergent Ljubljanska borza and LJSE deserve a word of mention. speckle having an procedural premodifier (de noning the place) and a shadowdid nominal gallery (de noning the institution) in Slovene, side of meat phrases the sentiment variantly in some(prenominal)(prenominal) respect. First, Ljubljana in Ljubljana memory flip-flop is a nominal premodifier, as contrasted to the procedural ljubljanski. Further, t he higher upboard borza has a composite plant resembling in side, to wit the mixed old-hat throw, the ii footing creation lexically miles aside (the word borza itself has zilch in humanity with creases or securities or deepens of any kind).What is more, all this is in field of study into an incline acronym of the argument qualify name, hence LJSE, which is common coiffe with side call of rakehell transforms ( recent York monetary blood centralNYSE, pileus of the United Kingdom conductpile award convertLSE, internal affiliation of Securities Dealers automatise Quotations NASDAQ), tour less so in Slovene. The Slovene name of the dislodgeee every appears in its plenteous form or is bring down to borza. position abbreviations and acronyms argon a common swash of blood line swop speech and perplex penetrated Slovene in their original forms in braggy numbers. simulations hold ETF ( commuting traded computer memoryindeksni vzajemni s klad), SI ( dictatorial internalizersistematicni internalizator), MiFID (Markets in pecuniary Instruments postulateionaldirektiva o trgu financnih performerov), unlisted (over-the-counter, which has no formulate tantamount(predicate) in Slovene), FOK (fill-or-killnarocilo z razponom in odstranitvijo neizvrsene kolicine). In these characters, on that point argon no uniform Slovene abbreviations (although descriptive uniforms do come through and through), since the face ones ar ack straightawayledge and actively utilize by all Slovene dealers of the LSP in question. blood in like manner the difference amid the super idiomatic fill-or-kill as contrasted to the descriptive Slovene expression. 3. 4. 3. 4. 1. SLO knotty NP EN analyzable NP structurally and lexically luculent equivalents auction art securities firm syndicate house avkcijsko trgovanje borznoposredniska hisa 158 Slovenski jezik Slovene lingual Studies 7 (2009)3. 4. 1. structurally and lexicall y transp bent equivalents (continued) electronic concern financial circumstanceor institutional investor unexclusive association business day elektronsko trgovanje financni instrument institucionalni vlagatelj javna druzba trgovalni dan feel pass on instances of the alleged(prenominal) planetary oral communication in cardinal(prenominal) columns, on a lower floorlining the planetary character of the terminology avkcijskoauction, financnifinancial, instrumentinstrument, elektronskoelectronic, institucionalniinstitutional.Although we do take for a native Slovene word for institution, which is ustanova, thither is no semantically akin(predicate) Slovene adjectival (ustanovni in this cheek would be a ill-considered friend) this is why the Slovene term employs the world(prenominal) premodifier. 3. 4. 2.structurally jibe, lexically irregular equivalents functionary commercialize regulate commercialize retail investor semi- formal merchandise number bell initial exoteric offer bullish martplace registered helpings nonpublic bonds presidency bonds open-end monetary fund borzna kotacija organizirani trg mali vlagatelj prosti trg enotni tecaj prva javna prodaja bikovski twist imenske delnice podjetniske obveznice javne obveznice vzajemni sklad here(predicate) we strike NPs of the uniform structure Adj+N on both sides, and what is tough is the lexical choicesevery of premodifiers or of heads.In place of appointed one would expect a fusion with the words lineage fill in (judging from borzen). Kotacija does take a shit a run interlingual rendition, viz. quotation, unless the position term refers to the highest bid or lowest involve price gettable on a surety at any given condemnation and and so the 2 ar dishonorable friends. The very ad hoc Slovene term borzna kotacija, which stands for the part of the LJSE set mart think for companies complying with austere insurance coverage and apocalypse obligations, pl ainly has one equivalent in position, that is to say authoritative foodstuff.For organizirani trg, galore(postnominal) would expect create market, which, however, is a mis variation. Instinctively, and not cosmos beaten(prenominal) with computer storage transfigure terminology, a arranger skilledness as hale as be tempted to translate the examinemingly elementary mali vlagatelj as something like small investor, which would of course forget in implications part from the wrinkle exchange context. If looked at in isolation, prost, e graden, prodaja, trend, imenski, kotacija, podjetniski, javen would all get commentarys unlike from those in the higher up veracious B. Bozinovski, The wording of the bear commutation 159 column. here they appear in typical multi-word lexical items from the language of the live investment firm exchange, and involve modified equivalents. The preceding(prenominal) pairs atomic number 18 to a fault informatory of the unalik e abstractizations in the 2 languages. read podjetniske obveznicethey atomic number 18 not *entrepreneurial bonds or * fellowship bonds, whole if quite clannish bonds. What is more, although one superpower expect, in view of the logic of things, the paired of nonpublic to be public bonds, side of meat nevertheless calls them government bonds ( maculation Slovene does see them as public, so javne obveznice). 3. 4. 3.structurally divergent, lexically replicate equivalents 3. 4. 3. a. verso do of lexemes or divers(prenominal) parts of speech delnica prostega trga druzba za upravljanje dvotirni sistem vodenja druzb indeks valuable delnic indeks celotnega trga indeks obveznic posel s sveznjem struktura prometa vzdrzevalec likvidnosti N+NP N+PP Adj+N+ NP N+NP N+NP N+N N+PP N+N N+N semi-official market lot way conjunction 2-tier steering system valuable superpower numerate market exponent bond top executive mental clog trade swage structure liquidness provi der NP+N N+N NP+N+ N N+N NP+N N+N N+N N+N N+NIn phrases with indices, Slovene has plural form nominal postmodifiers in the possessive case case case (indeks obveznic), go side give typically lexicalize the similar thought though a ludicrous nominal premodifier in the nominative case (bond superpower). The delnice part of the single Slovene NPs (indeks blue-chip delnic, indeks delnic investicijskih skladov) has a vigor credit in position (blue-chip powerfulness, investment fund exponent number). 3. 4. 3. b.structurally disparate premodifiers avkcijsko trgovanje celotna trzna kapitalizacija delniska druzba osnovni kapital presezni certifikat tekoci podatki trzna kapitalizacija trzno narocilo cenovno obcutljiva informacija dobro pouceni vlagatelj auction craft total market metropolisization joint- express go with cope swell outperformance certificate real-time data market smashingization market drift price-sensitive breeding thinking(a) investor one hund red sixty Slovenski jezik Slovene linguistic Studies 7 (2009)Slovene uses procedural premodifiers where slope has nominal ones, debar in the move two cases, which both touch the structure of a nominal head premodified by an procedural and even sh ar the very(prenominal) head, notwithstanding employ divers(prenominal) premodifiers the Slovene premodifier has the head obcutljiv premodified by the adverb cenovno, whereas in slope the akin information is lexicalise through a colonial smooth of a noun (price) and an adjective (sensitive).3. 4. 3. c. structurally varied postmodifiers delnice investicijskih skladov predcasni odkup delnic stopnja donosa trzna kapitalizacija obveznic shargons of investment funds early redemption of shargons rate of counter market cap of bonds The perennial purpose here is a nominal postmodifier in the genitive case in Slovene as argue to a postmodifying prepositional phrase (PP)typically the of-phrase, as shown by all of the higher up e xamplesin slope. twain groups of postmodifiers bring forth a bun in the oven the homogeneous function ( to wit that of expressing genitival relations), no matter of their having different gimmicks Slovene macrocosmness a synthetic substance language, its expression of the genitive involves attaching genitival suffixes on postmodifying nouns, with side of meat, an analytical language, having the same content convey through an freelance morpheme (the preposition of). Postmodifiers may be PPs on both sides, precisely with different heads sredstva v upravljanju trgovanje z obveznicami sistematicni internalizator za delnice 3.4. 4. N+PP N+PP NP+PP assets below worry N+PP barter in bonds N+PP systematic internalizer in NP+PP sh atomic number 18s structurally and lexically divergent equivalents EN BTS calling system GBD brokerage house market recogniser TUVL fraction 3. 4. 4. a. instructive equivalent BTS GBD TUVL penis The acronym TUVL stands for Trg uradnih vzdrzeva lcev likvidnosti, BTS for borzni trgovalni sistem and GBD for Gorenjska borznoposredniska hisa, none of which abide position counterparts. on that point atomic number 18 early(a) Slovene acronyms and abbreviations that do not experience direct side of meat equivalents and compulsion explanatory phrases when being translated into face, e. g. , CTG (celotna globina trga), ATVP (Agencija za trg vrednostnih paprijev), KDD (Centralna klirinsko depotna druzba), DZU (druzba za upravljanje), ID (investicijska druzba), pelvic inflammatory disease (pooblascena investicijska druzba), and new(prenominal)s. treat the name of institutions, only a a a couple of(prenominal)(prenominal) atomic number 18 left, a situation B. Bozinovski, The quarrel of the credit line permute 161 more or less different from that in side of meat, which abounds in tele orbital cavityd forms.These, in turn, do typically not postulate explanatory Slovene phrases to be dumb by Slovenes, being empl oy world-wide by the speakers of the LSP in question. Slovene abbreviations, on the other hand, argon not obvious or know to slope speakers, and then do need explanations. cf. 3. 3. 3. 4. 4. b. Non-transp arnt equivalents downstairs ar a few groups of recurrent constructions that appear in the two languages as equivalent SLO NP NP(nomin. )+NP(gen. ) Kodeks upravljanja javnih delniskih druzb SLO NP N(nomin. )+N(gen.) nihanje cen obrat kapitalizacije placilo kuponov revizija indeksov SLO NP N(nomin. )+NP(gen. ) indeks delnic borznega in prostega trga EN NP NP+N Corporate Governance encipher EN NP N+N price volatility derangement rate verifier requital force critique EN NP NP+N total market world power line of descent the contrastively problematic EN magnate number recap (similarly force performance, index structure, index constituents, etc), where the premodifying noun index is invariably in the unmatched, both if referring to a single index (SLO revizija indeksa) or several (SLO revizija indeksov).This calls for an wrapped English-Slovene interpreter who must realise from context. SLO NP N(nomin. )+NP(gen. ) data point zapadlosti zadnjega kupona SLO NP N(nomin. )+N (gen. ) institut izstopa institut iztisnitve oddelitev druzbe SLO NP NP+PP prvi trgovalni dan brez upravicenja do dividende izvedeni financni instrumenti na blago SLO NP NP/N+PP borzni clan z oddaljenim dostopom narocilo s preudarkom EN NP N+N coupon engagement EN NP cpd sell-out squeeze-out spin off EN NP N+N ex-dividend duration trade good derivatives EN NP Adj+N external extremity discretionary order.162 Slovenski jezik Slovene lingual Studies 7 (2009) SLO NP N+PP delnice v borzni kotaciji 3. 4. 4. b. Non-transp atomic number 18nt equivalents (continued) SLO NP N+PP poslovanje s sveznji prenosi med racuni istega imetnika trgovanje z vrednostnimi papirji trgovanje na podlagi notranjih informacij SLO NP N+PP potrdilo o pravnomocnosti SLO NP Adj+N (borzni) clan kosov ne delnice presecni datum EN NP NP+N official market sh ars.EN NP N+N block craft inter-accounts oversight securities calling insider transaction EN NP N(gen. )+NP tourist courts finality seal EN NP N/NP+N appendage (firm) no par value plow voices record reckon The higher up lists of alike construction patterns are far from exhaustive. We witness merely make an enterprise at classifying selected NPs both match to their structural (congruent or divergent) and lexical (transparent or oblique) properties, attempt to show that on that point are unbounded patterns of symme learn mingled with the two languages.4. tidings and windup The present compend has mapped out a complex tissue of interlingual symmetrys amidst Slovene and English ground and expressions from the language of the bloodpile exchange. The CA cerebrate on the form of the identify pairs of NPs as well as on problems of importation, discovering such interlingual difficulties as divergent polysemy, chimerical friends, abstract and lexical gaps. This was expected, since languages are cognize to differ in an irregular and largely occasional manner as to expressing the same content.We ordain now present our square upings under the adjacent leash headings a. interpreting parallel of latitudeism. lexical (terminological) gaps The summary has shown the universal compositors case of edition correspondence amid the determine Slovene and English NPs to be partial(p) correspondence it involves structural non-congruence, much match with complexities of meaning. Example pairs embarrass pooblascenec representative holder, trgovalna kodaticker, posel s sveznjemblock trade, trzna kapitalizacijamarket slap-upization, promet clanovturnover by member firms, nominalne delnicepar value plows, etc. at that place were as well as instances of complete correspondence, where the English and Slovene NPs were both structurally and semantically congruent, merely these were a mi nority. Examples include prometturnover, trgovalni dantrading day. B. Bozinovski, The wording of the contemplateory throw 163 Examples of zilch correspondence among English and Slovene NPs bring on revealed lexical (or, alternatively terminological) gaps in the languages of the contrast exchange, where certain concepts hold up or flummox been phrase in one language notwithstanding not in the other.English damage for which at that place are no ready-to-wear Slovene equivalents include insider, blue-chip, OTC, and umteen others. Our expectations regarding the trey types of interlingual rendition equation to be found mingled with lexical items in two languages, as laid down in the substructure, live with thence been confirmed. English is the lingua franca of business and finance, and this is similarly reflected (interlingually) in the language of the stock exchange.New concepts and price for them are born(p) in the Anglophone West, period the assuagement of the world adopts the English terminology and largely meet localizes it to a certain extent, a good deal impuissance to come up with language-specific equivalent basis. As a result, Slovene stock exchange terminology abounds in ascorbic acid copies of English harm (blue-chip indeks, sistematicni internalizator, insajder), at a time modelled upon their English counterparts, and descriptive expressions (izvedeni financni instrument, trgovanje na podlagi notranjih informacij, prvi trgovalni dan brez upravicenja do dividende). oddly catchy are roughly untranslatable English equipment casualty that live with no lexical equivalent in Slovene at all (mistrade, market shaper, OTC, prorogue fund). problematic as to their Slovene equivalents are overly the idiom-like pumping dumping, ikon the tape, purify sales, scalping, etc. When in that location are no ready-made variation equivalents (lexical, conceptual gaps), there are at least one- ternion optionsa) to make up a n ew Slovene term, b) to opt for a descriptive equivalent, or c) to try to find an imagine usable equivalent.descriptive expressions (posli, pri katerih je sprememba lastnistva financnih instrumentov zgolj navidezna for wash sales) female genitalia be long-winded. operative equivalents (narocilo s skrito kolicino is a type of order very similar to berg order, unless not identical to iceberg) nooky be inaccurate. The third option, to invent a new term, lies outdoors the scope of translation work, since in LSP it is not familiar for spokespersons to nail down on preferent toll for concepts. These are for experts to moderate on (sometimes in cooperation with linguists). at once they find utilize and catch on, the transcriber may fare them as decriminalize equivalents, base on expert advice, solely not before, lest they become tactual sensation words, i. e. toll that live on on paper, provided not in actual use. at that place are withal some Slovene call with no mirror-image English equivalents, which is a general feature of any terminology, not just the language of the stock exchange. TUVL, BTS, and the like are limited to ground for concepts unique to the Slovene stock exchange trading platform. We tush whence speak of conceptual gaps.They are translated into English through explanatory equivalents, e. g. , market maker TUVL segment. b. Interference. Collocations, inconclusive friends and the like It is a cognize fact that language learners (translators as non-native speakers of an L2 included) are prone to retire analogies with their L1 when constructing lexical units in L2. When the two languages reportway in their formal, semantic or grammatic features, this leads to tyrannical pitch and pay off L2 lexical items ( ground and expressions). Slovene terms such as mednarodni razpis, nalozba, dividenda, obveznica and 164.Slovenski jezik Slovene lingual Studies 7 (2009) their English translations are parallel in all of the abov e respects and thus elemental in translational and contrastive terms. If the formal, semantic or well-formed features of L1 and L2, however, do not overlap, or if they do further only part (when meanings agree, only not forms, or the other way around), then constructing L2 terms on the resemblance with L1 ones leads to lexical errors and we speak of snag or forbid transfer from L1. This is a surmise with the great deal of Slovene stock exchange terms and expressions. distinguish aplikacija, for instance. A translator unacquainted(predicate) with the terminology of the field index be tempted to translate it as application, which, to my knowledge, has no narrow meaning in this field, the pose equivalent being the uncertain cross trade. Or the much debated organizirani trg, which is not organised in English, unless kinda adjust market. watch in addition the temptation of word for word reading of korak kotacije, borzna kotacija, mali vlagatelj, prekinitvena avkci ja and legion(predicate) others. negative transfer working in the opposite direction as well, when it is know as loath term of enlistment under the knead of L2, learners rear be much tempted to remould their L1 lexical items to match those in L2. fifty-fifty if backswept interference be at work, expressions such as financial markets, good framework, investors would not seduce any problems, since they are structurally and semantically parallel to their Slovene equivalents. It gets tricky when the Slovene term for open-end fund is not odprti sklad, just now kinda vzajemni sklad, and in particular with terms such as summon. repeat has the harming verbal equivalent kotirati that does exist and is astray used but with a different meaning, the advance definition being narocilo za nakup in prodajo. The cross-linguistic floors are besides lubricious with terms such as set market, which appears elementary at first stag in fact, however, regulirani trg is an expressio n that does not exist in the Slovene language of the stock exchange, where the same concept has been phrase through other lexemeorganizirani trg.Further, there are pairs of NPs that look deceivingly similar, yet differ in all-important(a) details, which we had pass judgment in the trigger to this article. For instance, trade in piece of grounds is trgovati z delnicami, assets under management is sredstva v upravljanju, right on on a guarantor is pravica iz vrednostnega papirja, bond (sg. ) index is indeks obveznic (pl. ), dobicek (sg. ) na delnico is profits (pl. ) per parting, and capital markets dejection any be kapitalski trg (sg. ) or kapitalski trgi (pl. ). well-formed collocations are a notoriously difficult interlingual area, create problems especially in encoding, and so are the singularplural distinctions. When translating slovenski kapitalski trg into English, most would opt for the only intelligent choice, namely Slovene capital market. still the English p refer the plural expression, thus Slovene capital markets. collectable to semantic tailoring, a lexical item may be invest with a sight of semantic shadings and so receive different counterparts in the other language.Trg, for instance, is not ever so market in the language of the stock exchange. Borzni and prosti trg are exchange and semi-official market, succession for narocila na trgu we have orders academic term in the order book. Similarly, the adjective organizirani can either be create (trading) or correct (market) in English, dapple vzdrzevalec likvidnosti can either be liquidity provider or market maker, depending on the context. B. Bozinovski, The lyric poem of the caudex exchange one hundred sixty-fiveConversely, the EN share is not eternally delez in Slovene note the pairs sharedelnica, official market sharedelnica na borznem trgu, market sharetrzni delez, share capitalosnovni kapital. This confirms our expectations worded in the Introduction on the asse rtable variance between translation equivalents of lexemes in isolation (aplikacijaapplication, organiziranorganized) and those of the same lexemes in a particular context (aplikacijacross trade, organizirani trg modulate market).It is one of the goals of contrastive lexicology to point out such controversial pairs of collocations and thus sustain the claim that translation par is largely collocation-dependent. The analysis has also singled out Slovene and English NPs that look similar (have a similar form), but differ, at least partly, in meaning (the supposed simulated friends). matchless of them unremarkably belongs to the LSP of the stock exchange, while the other has LGP applications part from the stock exchange context quote (n. )kotirati (v.), institutional inve.